Photography Richard Avedon Essay Example for Free

Photography Richard Avedon EssayAll photographs are accurate. N iodine of them is the truth.these are just of the famous words of one of the greatest photographers of out time, Richard Avedon. In March 15, 1923, a Russian-Jewish immigrant couple gave birth to a baby boy. His name is Richard Avedon. No one thought that he would become one of the most notable photographers of our time. He attended the Dewitt Clinton High School in Bronx, New York but in 1940, at age 17, he dropped out of high school school and decided to go into the Merchant Marines photographic sector of which he was assigned to share photographs of the personnel. As time passed, he f all(prenominal) in numerous missions to take pictures of shipwrecks. When he returned home in 1944, he instantly had an employment as a photographer for a certain department store. At the start, he earned his living mainly through various works in advertising.Within the two years that he had been working through that job, a direc tor from Harpers Bazaar spotted him and he began to work for the magazine. Later on, he also did photography jobs for Vogue, Look and many other connect magazines (Avedon). He also became popular for his stylistic and ground-breaking room portfolio that was frequently set in dramatic and amusing locales. During these times, he realized however that his real heating system was portraiture and its capability to articulate its subject(Wilson).He said numerous times in various interviews and magazines that there are basically two major influences all throughout his career. His first professional flirtation with the camera was when he join the merchant marines during the war. He reiterated that the raw professionalism that was required to develop those photographs called for an outright approach that subsequently educated a portrait technique that cod been described by many as ruthless and even merciless. Those moments in his life became very important and made a very deep impact i n the way he took his photographs all throughout his career. Even though he did not have a stately education and training as a photographer, that situation was a foremost learning experience for him. He learned to handle the camera, take the right angles and adjust the proper lighting among others.The other influence that had a bang on him is the elegant movements of the body, joie de vivre, common people and ordinary situations that happen in the streets. Because he grew up and got oriented with the people from his neighborhood, for him, the most genuine expressions gutter be expressed without a camera. In his photographs, these are his main objectiveto catch people in their sincerest attitudes and forms. He had to live up to his reputation as one of the greatest portrait photographers of the modern times. There are also near photographers that he looked up to handle Martin Munkacsi a prominent Hungarian photographer during his time. Munkacsis works of models running in nature amplified his curiosity in fashion photography (Edwards). As one of the most reputable fashion photographer, he was able to modernize portraiture and fashion photography to instantly create a particular aesthetic that was able to influence countless other photographers. His signature technique was the outsized format studio portraits of his subjects which include writers, politicians and artists. He utilizes desolate blank backgrounds and life-size printing which makes his viewers feel as if they are in/with a bond to the image which is often a substantial and almost make experience. He has the ability to generate visual tension and astonish his viewer through unanticipated contrasts.As a portrait artist, his images are inimitable. Characteristically, they are unremarkably the frontal angles of his subjects which often are rather full body or head. Mostly, is it in black and white and is interpreted against a white background. The resolution is typically impressive and the faces gaze right out from the pages with unwavering stare thus conveying the vulgar intensity that we still usually see through our consume reflections. Moreover, Avedon states that he usually pays close attention to the littlest details in his photographs. His philosophy, when it comes to his various subjects is that, the objective recording of a subject is a fiction. Accordingly, his photographs offer views by which we can construct an admiration of things that are too complex to be carefully captured by a solitary photograph (Staff). Although Avedon did not have a formal education and training at photography, his own experiences as a photographer for the merchant marines and in advertising landed him various photography jobs at booster cable magazines. Although it seems undeniable that he had the knack for photography, his determination, workmanship, ideas and professionalism led him to the pinnacle of his success. In the fashion industry, he is a notable photographer. Almost all t hroughout his career, he had taken pictures of some very interesting subjects which are mostly models, celebrities and politicians.But besides being a fashion photographer, he is also known as a portraiture artist and over the years, he has turned his career from that area into a more driven, natural and humane aspect. During the last years of his career, he ventured into winning pictures of the common people. The raw attitude that he gives to his subject are very obvious in his pictures. One can feel that the pictures are almost like talking to you. Undeniably, he is one of the purveyors of black and white photography in the modern times. His works are the most natural emotions that humans feel. The fact that only few photographers are able to take photographs of the most popular people at their most candid moments makes him truly one of the best photographers in the world. plant life CitedAvedon, Richard. An Autobiography. 1st ed ed, 1993.Edwards, Owen. Fashion Faux Paw. Smithson ian, 2005.Staff. Photographic Portraiture and the Work of Richard Avedon. 2008.Wilson, Laura. Avedon at Work In the American West. University of Texas Press, 2003.

The Origin of Theatre Essay Example for Free

The Origin of Theatre EssayIt is unlikely that any star will ever know honourable how theatre emerged (Grose Kenworthy, 1985 3). Though there is little certain evidence, strong indications, scattered throughout our history, point to theatre finding its origins in the ancient rituals of priest-doctorism. One great power argue that theatre finds its origins quite clearly in ancient Grecian theatre seeing as they have many written and still last plays and strong standing theatres, provided George Freedley (1941) would argue otherwise.The oldest records of plays, stage directions and possibly even scripts atomic number 18 found not in ancient Greece but in Egypt, and they learn top till as early as 4000 B. C. in examples of drama such as the Pyramid Texts (Freedley, 1941 2). We can even directly link Egyptian and classic performance by noting that a historian of the theatre, Herodotus, recorded the religious festivals and the origin of the worship of Dionysos(sic) which wa s later to be transferred to the dramatic festivals in Greece (Freedley, 1941 1).This suggests that theatre as we know it actually finds its roots in ancient Egyptian festivals and dramas preformed in celebration of the gods. A common element seen in both Egyptian and classic culture, be it on stage or not, is the ritualistic nature of their performances. This fact suggests that the origin of their version of performance and theatre is found in ritual and its substantial role in society. the earliest information about the presence of such drama comes from the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, most notably Egypt (Grose Kenworthy, 1985 6).As the quote suggests, ritual as a means of drama is found all over the world, but clearly not in the same form as ancient classical and Egyptian theatre. Therefore, one must look for other examples of ritualistic practises and performance in the world that predate even these ancient cultures. Left is but one known possible source from which theatre may have evolved shamanism. To add, there be many similarities between recorded and modern theatre, and shamanistic ritual and the doctrine itself.Firstly, the definition ofShamanism is Shamanism can be defined as a family of traditions whose practitioners focus on voluntarily entering altered states of consciousness in which they experience themselves or their spirit(s), travelling to other realms at will, and interacting with other entities in order to serve their community (Walsh, 1990 15). Further more, it is also important to note that shamanism is not a religion which adheres to specific rules of practise, it is rather a method used to interact with the spirit world (Harner, cited in Walsh, 1982 12).For this reason we can at least theorise that shamanism and its traits, however few in common, may be the inspiration for later religious and/or non-religious beliefs and customs involving forms of theatre and performance. Greek theatre for example sh atomic number 18s m any similar traits with shamanism as seen in the following quote In all three types of drama, tragedy, satyr plays and comedy, the actors were heavily disguised, oftentimes more than in the modern theatre.This was due not only to the fact that the female roles were played by men, but ultimately had its roots in religion. A complete disguise was the external sign that the actor had given up his own identity in honour of the god, in order to let some other being speak and act through him. Dionysus, for whom the dramas were preformed, was the god of ecstasy. The word means standing outside oneself in other words the renunciation of individuality. An important metier for this in all three drama types was the mask. Simon, 1972 10) When comp bed to shamanism we see that, as in ancient Greek theatre, the use of attire other than the common frock of the shaman was thought to be essential in the rituals they preformed. Whether the ritualistic costume is extreme clothing or even ritualis tic nudity (as in the reason of the Eskimo shamans), the important point is that whilst a shaman is wearing his everyday clothing, the experience will not take place (Eliade, 1964 146).We also see that the trance-like state achieved allows for the shaman/performer to channel spirits so that they may communicate and act through him, however this does not necessarily mean that the subject is possessed. Although shamans are thought to be capable of allowing and inducing the possession of their bodies by spirits, their dealings with spirits primarily involve them wielding the spirits with which they are dealing (Eliade, 1964 15). Lastly, the ancient Greek dramas were performed in honour of the god Dionysus, the god of ecstasy.This is important to note as shamanistic practises are defined by the ecstatic experience a shaman induces as he engages in a trance through which his soul journeys and leaves his body so that he may communicate with the spirits (Eliade, 1964 15). In coition to m odern theatre, shamans are known to have undergone not dissimilar training from modern day actors and performers in order to acquire many of the same abilities which are commonly used in internal representation performance. In order to induce the altered state desired shamans have been known to use techniques such as singing, dancing, and drumming (Walsh, 1990 142).Shamans have even been described as singers, magicians, actors and ventriloquists (Thurn, cited in Narby Huxley, 2001 43). Though the training a shaman endures is much more demanding and can even be physically damaging, such as when using techniques like self-induced vomiting, feigning nervous fits, and fainting (Levi-Strauss, cited in Walsh, 1972 102-103), there is still a clear similarity in the direct of discipline required of shamans and modern day performers to master their craft.The act of transformation, the ritualistic dress, the rigorous training, and the natural skill required to become a shaman are all trait s which we today link to theatre and what is required of its performers, providing a strong indication that shamanism is indeed where it all started. Trying to search further back than this leaves one with little more to work with than what one might all educated guesses as to what may have sparked its creation.A popular theory is that theatrical actions were the means by which we communicated before language had sufficiently developed as to convey detailed messages to one-another. As language became a human tool, early fluid societies were still concerned with the needs of survival. Theatrical elements entered into the conveying of these needs among members of the group itself (Grose Kenworthy, 1985 4).This theory can of course not be tested or proven, but nor can it be isproven, and therefore it holds weight relative to the view point of the researcher. The origins of theatre are hard to trace, as the pieces evidence to suggest where it truly came from are few and far between. H owever, based on accounts which have survived through history such as those mentioned above, and the clear similarities between Shamanism, shamanistic ritual and the theatre throughout history, it becomes clear that Shamanism is the most likely origin of theatre as we know it today.

Analysing Post Apartheid Gender Inequality In South Africa Politics Essay

Analysing Post Apartheid Gender In compare In s byhwestern Africa Politics EssayDespite the to the south Afri great deal validations commitment to equal advanceds for women, the demand for sex activity equality is incompatible with the preservation of tralatitious authority in the post-apartheid era. Discuss.Women in South Africa have the most clearly spelt out legal rights in the whole of Africa and when looking at the newly formed constitution the situation for women in South Africa seems to have do a dramatic move in the right direction. After all the constitution prohibits any form of discrimination on the basis of non alone sexual urge but sexual orientation. And although it validates both gender equality and the institutions of conventionalistic authority, if they come into direct conflict it is gender equality that will prevail. The depicted object fan tan has in any case moved from creation 141st in the world, in regards to the percentage of women members, pr e-1994 to 7th post-1994.iThis signals a new era in South Africa, and is mainly d take to the ANCs undoubted committedness to gender equality and the introduction of its quota in national elections.However despite the leaps forward in gender equality the fight for womens rights is outlying(prenominal) from over and it is in the agrestic aras that the discrimination is most severely felt by women. The South African constitution may be one of the most gender tender in the world but this did not come about uncontested by the handed-down governance,iiwho supposed the introduction of gender equality would lead to the end of only when about African traditions, such as, Lobola,1and in the long term their precise institutions. Traditional government activity are seen to be the biggest obstacle facing the women in rude South Africa. This essay will discuss the record of handed-down governance and how the colonial and apartheid eras have influenced and shaped them, the affec t they have had of on the development of womens rights and their relevance to mind the rural womens position. Also the broader tension felt surrounded by the principle of elected representation and the continuation of non-elected chiefs that has implications for the position of women and the country as a whole. And finally a brief look at the question why did the ANC make concessions to the chiefs at the succession of transition. But ultimately that the ANC-led governments belief that they can recognise the institution of traditional leaders while at same time upholding the constitutions principles of gender equality and representative democracy is only contradictory.Today in post-1994 South Africa the term traditional government is an all-encompassing term in which it refers to chiefs of all different ranks and that have jurisdiction over rural people.iiiBut this concept of traditional authority has, over the years, has been reshaped and moulded to not only benefit the white r uling governments that have dominated South Africas history but as well the patriarchal dodgings. The two main institutions that were retrace were chieftainship and familiar law. In the colonial era they were used as a cheap form of administration, later to ensure the successful use of the unsettled labour system. In the apartheid era they were used in the states attempt to divide the African population into their ethnic groups so that they would be easier to control. Customary law may be seen by some as a long African tradition but others, as illustrated by Cherryl Walker, believe that customary law is not only sexually discriminatory in the extreme but also a construct of the past hundred years.ivThe chief was also reinvented to live on aquiline on approval from the centre, for any chiefs that were perceived to be disloyal to the dominant white state, were removed and replaced by more compliant individuals. During this time the most blue-chip power the chief possessed was the power to deal land, and it body so today. This power was beneficial to the apartheid state but has caused massive complications for the reconstruction of rural areas chthonian the new ANC-led government,vand has been hugely detrimental to the population of rural women and gender equality.The issue of land allocation was one of the largest issues to be resolved facing the new post-apartheid government, and remains so to this day. For the first ten years the new ANC-led government has been very vague on the issue of traditional authorities and land allocation. Traditional authorities took advantage of this indecisiveness and used to their benefit. Things were further complicated by the fact that the constitution recognised the institution of traditional leaders but failed to specify the roles, functions and powers of give tongue to authorities. This resulted in massive confusion for the people on the ground and when elected councillors were introduced in 1995/96, the lack of a clear definition led to tension between the newly elected councillors and the traditional authorities, as neither were clear as to what role they would play and considered the other institution to illegitimate. When the ANC came to power and the new democratic constitution was enforced many South Africans believed that the newly elected councillors would take over the function of land allocation, the government indicated that it would become the responsibility of the Traditional rural councils (TRC) besides the old apartheid laws were rigively still in place, government officials still used, with a few adjustments, the apartheid procedure and did not recognise the elected councillors as having power to allocate land, as a result by 2000, (the end of the transition period) the rural people had become dissatisfied with the rural councillors.viIt wasnt until the combination of the Traditional Leadership and textile Act2(framework act) in 2003 and the Communal Land Rights Act32004, t hat the government finally clarified the role of traditional authorities. The combination of these two acts drew criticism from a huge range of civil society organisations, ranging from gender activists to land activists, such as, the programme for Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) and the National Land Committee (NLC) they considered these new traditional councils to be, as Ntsebeza illustrates, a retreat from democracy and the Communal Land Rights Act was an attempt to revive a defunct apartheid institution which was above all super discriminatory of women.viiThe reason that the traditional authorities cosmos in control of land allocation is such bad news for women is because of their continuing use of customary law.4Despite the fact that gender equality should, according to the constitution, prevail over institutions of traditional authorities, in practice customary law and practice tend to pull ahead in matters marriage, divorce and property ownership (with most chiefs still unwilling to allocate land to women) resulting in deeply patriarchal decisions that lessen womens rights to those of their husbands, fathers or yet sons.viiiThe principle of customary law has even been upheld in the Supreme Court rulings (2000) despite what is clearly stated in the constitution.ixThis elevation of hereditary chieftainship to a privileged and protected position within local government seriously compromises rural womens access to and influence on local governments.xThe framework act has created councils that are dominated by traditional authorities whilst the Communal Land Rights Act has given these structures extraordinary powers, combined they have effectively given the traditional authorities back the powers that they had enjoyed in the apartheid era under the Bantu Authorities Act.xiThrough these acts the national government has majorly failed the women in rural areas in relation to land and womens right over its allocation and use, in effect the government has f ailed to uphold the very principles in the constitution of equality all they have done is further intrench the concept of male-domination in both peoples minds and the institutions in rural South Africa.One of the major reasons behind the increase in dominance in the traditional authorities in rural areas is due to the lack of a significant civil society reason in particular a powerful Womens movement post-1994 to excite for equality. Before the first democratic elections in South Africa, the general womens movement was much stronger. Successfully contesting the traditional authorities proposals to have customary law absolve from the gender equality clausexiiand later defeating their bid to have customary law entrenched itself. The womens organisations also managed to successfully mobilise itself after being sidelined in the constitutional negotiation process to form the Womens National Coalition in 1992, with the aim to draft a charter for womens rights, that would be included o r at least consulted when the constitution was drawn up. However this alliance didnt last long after the charter was formalised, the ANC womens league become suspicious and believed that other parties would use the coalition to better themselves and not women as a whole, and as a result dropped out. This left the womens movement in tatters.xiiiThere was a further blow to the movement when the ANC was elected to government as many women that were at the forefront of the womens movements became members of parliament on ANC tickets. Leaving the majority of the womens organisations without key players and leaders. The situation was worse in rural areas for these organisations due to the fact they were predominantly urban based and were nowhere near as organised as the traditional authorities. As a result it was far more difficult for rural women to come together against the repressive nature of the Traditional Authorities as they had no organisation or figurehead to fall in under.The traditional nature of rural South Africa is also felt within the rural local councils, where the depend of women is actually lower than that of the national parliament. This goes against the western average that women usually do better at the local level.xivGotez and Hassim illustrate two main reasons for this, firstly that traditional patriarchies can be more intense and quick in their repressive effect on womens engagement at local level compared to the national and secondly that womens movements capacity to support women in local political relation and help develop gender equality policy platforms can be fragmented by decentralisation.xvThe lack of an effective womens movement post-1994, has had a negative effect on the development of gender equality. Another problem women face in rural councils is that they are set up to accommodate a male councillors management of life and not a womans who still have to uphold their traditional responsibilities for the home and family, Conne ll argues that this holds dangerous potential for fostering exclusivity in political leadership.xviMany believe that there are too many meetings that run late and seem to discuss the same issues over and over, which is just not practical for women councillors who have a family and a home to look after alongside their job as councillors. Unfortunately due to the smaller number of women in local councils than in the national parliament they are unable to ensure that matters such as hours of sitting and childcare are addressed, instead their concerns are ridiculed as womens problems by the male-dominated councils.xviiThese issues enforce the perceptions that women are not capable of serving as councillors and damage the potential contribution of women councillors. Problems like this show just how deeply entrenched male-domination still is in South Africa,xviiiand not just in rural areas but on the national scale. The male domination on real power is still very evident.The ANCs history towards Traditional Authorities is very alpha in understanding why the act the way they do towards them. The ANC was formed in 1912 and many of its founding members were traditional authorities who conflicting to the Union of South Africa. However as time when on the ANC became a more radical movement and combined with drive from its offspring League and its communist allies the ANC split in two when it came to what to do with Traditional authorities today the first being pro traditional authorities providing that they were critical of government policy. The second, who were clearly influenced by their communist allies, argued that the institution of traditional authorities belong to a previous feudal era and should be replaced by a more democratic institution.xixOne of the main questions to be looked at is why the ANC has made so many concessions to the traditional authorities at the time of transition at the expense of gender equality, in spite of their obvious commitment to eq uality, in particular gender equality, both in the constitution and their own political party politics (i.e. the election quota). The ANC has always been split and extremely ambiguous in its views and policy towards the institution of traditional authority. It is also widely accepted that meddling with the power of chiefs threatens to create a mass amount of political problems.xxBecause of this most politicians feel the issue is best left alone.There are a number of possible reasons this. The first being that the ANC is fundamentally urban based and has always been considered to be very weak in rural areas, alongside that it has never had a coherent programme to build alternative democratic structures in the rural areas to try and combat this problem.xxiAnd as a result the ANC has been and remains depended on traditional authorities to be their main representation in rural areas. This originated when the party was in exile but has continued to the present day, which makes it diffic ult for the ANC to alienate them. The ANC has to also remember that it has to take peoples commitment to custom, culture and tradition seriously if it wants keep its support in rural areas and if any program of rural construction is to succeed.xxiiThe ANC cannot just rush in and dismantle peoples beliefs and way of life as a large number of people still believe in and support traditional authorities and what they stand for, it will be long and slow process that will have to be carried out with the upmost care, Ismail 1999 illustrates this point well that traditional leaders cannot be abolished overnight without causing some political disequilibrium among the indigenous people especially in rural areas.xxiiiThe ANC has also faced direct pressure from the traditional authorities themselves, both through the Inkatha freedom Party (IFP), the Congress of Traditional Leaders in South Africa5(CONTRALESA) and the right-wing Zulu nationalist chief Buthelezi, who is recruiting chiefs who oppo sed the ANC during the anti-apartheid era.xxivThe ANC feels it must maintain a good relationship with CONTRALESA so that it wont lose the support of the traditional authorities who are members and their followers, who the ANC consider to be important voter blocks. Ultimately the ANC had a choice to make to take the Traditional Authorities head on in order for womens rights to not only be written in the constitution but actually be put into practice and be experienced by women throughout south African society, or to appease the Traditional Authorities and allow for gender inequality to continue despite this going against the very constitution they wish to uphold. Unfortunately (for womens rights) the ANC has seemed to favour the latter(prenominal) option. But the very fact that the ANC has need to make a choice between the two is evidence of the incompatibility of Traditional Authorities and the concept of gender equality.One thing that the womens movement must remember is that getti ng women into parliament is not a guarantee that she will help promote gender equality as not all women have feminist interests and will most likely represent their parties interests not that of women,xxvthis can be partly due to the party-list system used in South Africa, which means if you want to stay high on the list and remain in parliament you have to tow the party line. There is also the problem that women just dont feel comfortable enough to raise the question of the prolonged gender inequality within South African society, this is generally down to the traditional view upheld by many South Africans. Friedman actually argues that by putting women on committees when they are not comfortable with being in a position of authority may actually be counterproductive for and long-term strategy for empowering women.xxviThis can be down to the inexperience and skepticism of women councillors which may lead to them being unable to effectively articulate their opinions and concerns, l eading to the reinforcement of not only the opinion that women are not cut out to be involved in politics but also the very concept of inequality. This is shown very clearly by Goetz and Hassim with their study in Temba in 2000, in which women councillors had made no concrete suggestions except to second motions.xxviiAccording to the women in Temba this is because they feel intimidated by the men who still hold the traditional determine of women being inferior. men in the council laugh and interrupt our contributions.xxviiiThis is a problem that is widely known about to the majority of ANC members but still little is being done to address the issue. It is clear that if gender equality is to be a success then it is not just the traditional institutions that need to change, it is the peoples views about gender as well. Men need to accept women as their equals and women need to be empowered so that they can be confident enough so that they can stand up for their opinions, concerns and rights.Traditional authorities in their current state are most definitely incompatible with the demand for gender equality. However as customs and traditions are never set in stone but a product of a complex and dynamic history of contestation, co-optation, reconstruction and invention,xxixtraditional authorities could, if they learn to incorporate gender equality and accept the legitimate role of the democratically elected local bodies, in theory be a legitimate part of the South African democracy. However if they continue to push of their unelected body to have increased power and refuse to recognise the legitimacy of rural elected bodies and that women have equal status then they should not have a place in a democratic South Africa, as the very nature of traditional authorities is undemocratic. It is up to the government to follow through with their promise of equality, and particularly for this case gender equality by either removing them completely (which will inevitably be un popular with a large proportion of the population especial in rural areas) or alternatively force them to become more democratic. In the current state it is unlikely that the government will do so as it could very well play into the hands of their opposition. thence there is a desperate need for a strong womens movement to not only put pressure on the government but to also mobilise the women of South Africa to stand up for their constitutional right of equality.

Analysis of validity and reliability of intelligence assessments

Analysis of validity and reli baron of acquaintance mindsMeasuring light has always been a pragmatic thing to do (Wilhelm Engle, 2005). Most people find it hard to be rational in measuring their news. As a greenness usage, intelligence is at seeked quantifiably by understanding the admissibility of a degree (Bartholomew, 2004) In different words, there thunder mug be no way that intelligence would be perfectly quantified. Only the nearness or the relative distance can be the mode of measuring ones intelligence. David Wechsler (Bartholomew, 2004) defines intelligence as the aggregate ability of an person to render a rational thinking, a purposive act, and an effective dealing with his environment. Some writers however define intelligence negatively. That is, the doing away of tests. It is important to carve up between intelligence quotient (IQ) and intelligence itself. IQ does not simply refer to the quantity of intelligence a person has, rather it refers to the relative sta nding of an individual with regard to his performance in an intelligence test as compared to others who took the same test (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2007). When intelligence is measured in cost of a numerical dissolver (i.e. I.Q. is 140), we cannot be sure that we are re bothy talking about intelligence since there is a substitution of precision for vagueness (Govier, 2009). The original purpose of intelligence test was primarily to identify the least capable students that are finding it hard to learn from ordinary schooling (Kalat, 2010). However, it was later used to determine who among the students excel and during beguile examinations in universities.It is seemingly difficult if not impossible to devise a test that would truly measure the innate intelligence without being twine culturally. unlearned ability cannot be measured if cultural bias exists (Young, 2006). Bias refers to the existence of nuisance factors that makes it difficult to compare the intelligence tests result s across diametrical cultural assemblages (Prifitera et al. 2008). in that location are three kinds of cultural biases in intelligence tests vis-a-viz construct bias, method bias, and differential item functioning (Lovler, Miller, McIntire, 2010). Construct bias occurs when there are different systems of meaning from market-gardening to culture. For instance, a good daughter in a country power have a different characteristic in some other country. Method bias occurs when the procedure of the test modify from different cultures such as when in a certain country, participants are used to input info electronically while in another country, participants are used to answering manually through papers. Differential item functioning or item bias occurs when there is a great gap in the test scores of the participants in different cultures who have relatively the same abilities. For example, different regional groups might have different scores in a history test regarding their home c ountry even if all of them are familiar with its history.In say to eliminate cultural biases in intelligence tests, culture-free tests became a demand. As the name imply this test attempt to eliminate cultural and educational differences (Haselbauer, 2006). The most common mediums used in this test are pictures or images which assess spatial capabilities of the participants such as visualization and perception. The validity of the tests is equally important as the steady-goingness of the test. Validity is challenged when a participant in the test cannot communicate in the lyric poem used in the test (Rhodes, 2005). Critics of IQ tests argue that the differences in IQ scores are attributable to the orientation of the test makers such as their experiences, vocabulary and language, and lifestyles (Weiten, 2008). Construct-related validity refers to the extent which the test instrument can capture the details it is designed to measure (Sternberg, 2010).MethodsTo be able to determine the validity of intelligence tests particularly on the way it is constructed, this paper will investigate whether validity of tests vary between English speakers and non-English speakers. The kind of test that will be used is PSYGAT which focuses mainly on the verbal capability of the participant. This will be conducted after the participants have taken the Queendom test and Culture bazaar IQ test. Participants will be composed of a total number of 337 from which 269 (79.8%) are females and 68 (20.2%) are males. The call down standard deviation for the participants with English- disquisition backgrounds (ESB) will be 0.407 while those with non-English speaking background (NESB) will be 0.389. After getting the result of the test, it will be analyzed based on age. The age standard deviation for ESBs will be 7.514 while for NESBs it is 7.627. Ages range from 19-55 for ESBs and 19-62 for NESBs.AimThis study aims to determine if PSYGAT is internally reliable when a group of participa nts with English-speaking backgrounds and non-English speaking backgrounds are compared. An initial hypothesis for this study is that PSYGAT will be a reliable means of intelligence computation vis-a-viz evidentiary convergent validity in the same way as the Queendom and Culture Fair IQ tests. However, between ESB and NESB, it is hypothesized that they will differ in terms of reliability and validity.ResultsItem AnalysisUpon checking for internal consistency of entropy using Cronbachs alpha, it can be assessed that results were reliable, especially as most of the generated alpha were higher than 80 percent. The following are reliability statistics with their corresponding Cronbachs alpha1Reliability of data for overall sample for all 55 questionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs of import.898Reliability of data for overall sample for the 25 best discriminating questionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs Alpha.848Reliability of the data for ESB group for the 25 best discriminating ques tionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs Alpha.851Reliability of the ESB for all 55 questionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs Alpha.901Reliability of the data for NESB group for the 25 best discriminating questionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs Alpha.841Reliability of the NESB group for all 55 questionsReliability StatisticsCronbachs Alpha.889Validity of PSYGATIn order to test the validity of PSYGAT, the correlational statistics scores of the PSYGAT (total scores) on each of the Queendom tests were obtained using SPSS.Correlations (for all sample) jibeQueendom communicative AdjustedTotalPearson Correlation1.466**Sig. (2-tailed).000N337337Queendom Verbal AdjustedPearson Correlation.466**1Sig. (2-tailed).000N337337Queendom Culture Fair IQPearson Correlation.098-.283**Sig. (2-tailed).073.000N337337**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Correlations for ESB GroupTotalQueendom Verbal AdjustedTotalPearson Correlation1.433**Sig. (2-tailed).000N244244Queendom Verbal Adjus tedPearson Correlation.433**1Sig. (2-tailed).000N244244Queendom Culture Fair IQPearson Correlation.067-.341**Sig. (2-tailed).295.000N244244**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).Correlations for NESB groupTotalQueendom Verbal AdjustedTotalPearson Correlation1.567**Sig. (2-tailed).000N9393Queendom Verbal AdjustedPearson Correlation.567**1Sig. (2-tailed).000N9393Queendom Culture Fair IQPearson Correlation.238*.011Sig. (2-tailed).022.918N9393**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).Assessment of Differences between ESB and NESB groups in terms of reliability and validityBy splitting the data according to its background (i.e., ESB and NESB group), the following correlations were obtainedCorrelationsEnglishQueendom Culture Fair IQenglish speakiing backgroundQueendom Culture Fair IQPearson Correlation1Sig. (2-tailed)N244Queendom Verbal AdjustedPearson Correlation-.341**Sig. (2-tailed).000N24 4non english speaking backgroundQueendom Culture Fair IQPearson Correlation1Sig. (2-tailed)N93Queendom Verbal AdjustedPearson Correlation.011Sig. (2-tailed).918N93**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).The observed z value will be obtained using the following formulawhererESB= -0.341 NESB = 244rNESB= 0.011 NNESB = 93Transforming the correlation coefficient to their corresponding z values,zESB = -0.355 zNESB = 0.011 employ the values above, the following observed z value was obtainedZ = -2.96To evaluate the observed z value, the obtained value must not be between -1.96 and +1.96 to close a statistical difference between the two correlation coefficients. From this, it can be assessed that there is a statistical difference between the 2 correlation coefficients, due to the fact that the observed z value does not fall between -1.96 and +1.96.Discussion and ConclusionsMany questioners have argued that the measurement of intelligence through IQ tests is no doubt bas ed on the culture to which the individual belongs to. In an attempt to assess the reliability and the construct validity of the PSYGAT a verbal assessment developed by Psychology students in 1998 344 Psychology students were tasked to complete three tests which comprises of two Queendom tests (verbal adjusted and culture fair test) and the PSYGAT. The results of the PSYGAT were then analysed for internal validity. Construst validity of PSYGAT was as well as examined by analyzing the test scores alongside the Queendom tests. The hypothesis that the PSYGAT test would show significant internal reliability and construct validity as it was analysed alongside the other two tests was supported. Significant correlations were also found in the results for Queendom Verbal Adjusted and the PSYGAT for English speaking background group. Upon computation of observed z values, it was also reason that there were statistical differences between the ESB and NESB correlation coefficients. Thus, it can be further assessed that PSYGAT can be used validly for verbal intelligence assessments, although, further research is recommended for its use in culture fair factors.One limitation though of this study is the fact that participants were all university students, specifically Psychology students. Perhaps, there is a choose for further research that will involve a much diverse population, considering that participants in this study can be considered as well-educated. Despite their non-English speaking background, it can also be assumed that perhaps are also well-versed in the English language.Another limitation is also the fact that the tests used the English language as the first language in the assessments. Such factor may pose limitations for specific ethnic groups whose first language is not English. It can be considered that future researches be conducted that will be more culture sensitive and be conducted using the first language of the specific ethnic group.ReferencesBart holomew, D. J. (2004). Measuring intelligence facts and fallacies Cambridge University PressGovier, T. (2009). A mulish study of argument (7th ed.) Cengage Learning.Haselbauer, N. (2006). The everything test your IQ book discover your true intelligence Everything Books.Kalat, J. W. (2010). Introduction to psychology (9th ed.) Cengage Learning.Lovler, R. L., Miller, L. A., McIntire, S. A. (2010). Foundations of psychological test a practical approach (3rd ed.) SAGE.Prifitera, A., Saklofske, D. H., Weiss, L. G. (2008). WISC-IV clinical assessment and intervention practical resources for the mental health professional (2nd ed.) Elsevier.Rhodes, R. L., Ochoa, S. H. Ortiz, S. O. (2005). Assessing culturally and linguistically diverse students a practical guide Guilford Press.Weiten, W. (2008). Psychology Themes and variations (8th ed.) Cengage Learning.Wilhelm, O. Engle, R. W. (2005). Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence SAGE.Young, E. M. (2010). Dealing with the cu ltural bias in intelligence testing culture free and culture fair iq tests. Retrieved 29 April 2011 from .Zastrow, C Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2007). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (7th ed.) Cengage Learning.

Impact of Diseases on Population Health

Impact of Diseases on cosmos wellnessContentsIntroduction contrasting Diseases their Impact on wellness Status of PopulationDiabetes epidemic epidemic epidemic choleraDiphtheriaMalariaMeaslesArthritisInfluence of various factors on Public Health PoliciesEfficacy of the Various Factors InvolvedAlternative Approaches to Address the Different Health ProblemsConclusionReferencesIntroductionEach and e genuinely year there atomic number 18 m any(prenominal) chronic or non- give as well as infectious disorders that claim the lives of a great number of people all everywhere the world (Vries, Cohen Rood, 1990). In America, this number is more than angiotensin-converting enzyme and a half million. every(prenominal) seven out of ten deaths slide by in America due to such diseases and thus it is but more than important to prevent them in one way or the other. There are many rules, regulations and policies made each and every year in order to overcome these diseases but they are no n enough as long as they are not properly executed in real life. Moreover, a lot of awareness needs to be brought in the mind of the common population so that they brush off pile a greater level of precaution and thereby prevent the diseases from happening or nipping them in the bud at a very early stage (Kradin, 2010). Government in addition has a major role to play in this context as different campaigns buns be through with(p) in different populations to highlight the diseases and their effects and thereby grow the eagerness in them to take precaution before as well as after the disease. The burden of non-infectious diseases is preventable to a great extent. This is beca use of the fact that non-infectious diseases wish well that of warmth disease, stroke, cancer and diabetes occur in undivideds as a reflection of how they lead their lives or how they respond to the physical as well as social environments that they progress to under. With the advancement of the technol ogical as well as industrial aspects, people bind had frequently less need to be dependent on their own physical activities as most of the work are make by the everyday machines that surround us. Intake of un profound meals is overly a originator for the occurrence of these kinds of diseases. Physical inactiveness, use of tobacco, consumption of alcohol in an unwellnessy manner and poor nutrition are the main reason why an private become the victim of heart diseases, stroke, asthma, diabetes, arthritis and other such non-communicable or non-infectious diseases (Buchan Cathrall, 1797). Thus it can be said that the choice of a poor or unwellnessy lifestyle is the main reason why these kinds of diseases happen to people. Thus if a proper and appropriate awareness is developed in the population about the way in which a healthy lifestyle can be lead, these diseases can be controlled to a great extent. Thus along with the other social, political factors that matter in this context , the individuals own consciousness regarding himself and the people around him or her is as well very lots required (Bunch, 1997).Different Diseases their Impact on Health Status of PopulationEach and every population is in one way or the other affected by a wide range of diseases. The following harken gives a brief description of the different kinds of diseases that the human population has to deal with and how they are vehemently affected by them.DiabetesDiabetes mellitus or better known as diabetes is the disease where the individual is affected with high blood sugar level. The common symptoms of this disease are that of urination in a very frequent manner, augment in the thirst of the mortal and also a great increase in the hunger of the person (Stehouwer Schaper, 2009). In case of diabetes too, the factors of overweight and physical inactivity play a major role in developing risk factors in the individuals for this peculiar(a) disease. Thus it can be prevented by takin g a little care.Source Stehouwer Schaper, 2009.The conversion of sugar into energy is very essential in our body and that is done by the hormone insulin which converts glucose into energy. When sufficient amount of insulin in not produced in our body, the level of glucose rises in the body and hence, it shows abnormality in the daily proceeding in that particular human being and causes diabetes. The complications of diabetes involves notion tired, feeling constantly thirsty, passing urine frequently, slow healing infections, blurred vision, itching in the skin or genital area, tingling and numbness in the feet or in the hands, unexplained weakness and productiveigue, weight loss, vomiting and nausea. There are mainly two compositors cases of diabetes occurring in the society and they are Type 1 or insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Juvenile Diabetes and Type 2 or non insulin dependent diabetes that is also called Adult onset diabetes (Jackman, et. al., 2015).Source B uschard, 2011.The Type 1 diabetes usually causes to children like young adults and teenagers and they require regular injections of insulin. The Type 2 diabetes usually affects to people above the age of 45 years and they are treated with regular set and healthy eating. Insulin tablets and injections are also needed some beats. However, if Type 1 diabetes is left untreated, the person having type 1 diabetes accumulates dangerous chemical substances that have produced from burning of fat and this condition is known as keto acidosis. Genetic susceptibility is also a factor causing diabetes. The genes of an individual carry proteins and instructions that are need for the carrying out of the body. Hence, if anyone parent of an individual is affected with diabetes, wherefore the chances of that individual of having diabetes is higher. Thus, is could be said that the origin of diabetes disease in an individual comes from its heredity. The diagnosis of diabetes disease could be done by the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. The Fasting Plasma Glucose Test is done after fasting for at least 8 hours and the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test is also done after 8 hours fasting as well as 2 hours after the person drinks 75 grams of glucose irrigate. There are certain proportions of blood glucose level that determines that the person is suffering from diabetes or not (Buschard, 2011).Source Jackman, et. al., 2015.CholeraThe main reason for the occurrence of Cholera is because of a bacterial infection in the intestine of an individual (Barua Burrows, 1974). The infection in many of the cases can be very mild and thus no proper symptoms can be detected at the beginning. The symptoms of cholera are that of intense diarrhea, vomiting and cramps in the leg. Not each and every enduring of cholera will be affected in a major way. Statistics show, that approximately one out of twenty perseverings of cholera suffer in an intense manner. Since the symp toms of cholera include diarrhea and vomiting, the body of the patient gets easily dehydrated and the person can also go into a state of shock. Thus in an intense case of Cholera, the patient can even die in a matter of a few hours if the person is not provided with proper give-and-take at the very earliest.The main reason behind a person becoming a victim of the disease of cholera is the intake of contaminated or infected food and water. The areas or locality where there sewage system and provision of drinking water is treated in a poor manner, there is a greater possibility of the people of those areas getting affected with this particular disease (Hayhurst, 2001). And if the feces of the people suffering from cholera get mixed with the system of water supply then the disease can spread in the entire locality at the blink of an eye and thus create an epidemic. The bacteria that causes cholera may live in the environment in some coastal areas. Thus if a person consumes shellfish in a raw manner, then he or she too has the chances of getting affected by the disease as the shellfish may read that particular bacterium.During the 1800s this disease was very much common in America. The main reason behind it being that of industrialization and thus other industrialized nations were also affected. But the modern systems in which the sewage and water is treated has been able to almost wipe out this disease. Moreover, if tourists go to a place which is affected by cholera, they may even carry the bacterium being exposed to it and as a result bring it back in their native land. Thus simple but effective precautions need to be taken by outside travellers as well the people who live in the region in order to get rid of such a dangerous disease.DiphtheriaDiphtheria is the serious disease caused by the infection of a bacterium which ultimately affects the respiratory system or the skin (Guilfoile, 2009). The symptoms of respiratory diphtheria are that of delirious thr oat, fever and in some cases the neck also gets swollen up. In intense or sever cases of diphtheria a layer of membrane gets formed over the throat and for this reason the patient suffers from breathing problems. The kind of diphtheria affecting the skin is known as cutaneous diphtheria and the symptoms of it is that lesions are formed on the skin. If a person affected from this disease is not treated in a proper way then he or she can go to coma or even die. Thus the severity of this disease can very well be understood and thus precaution should be taken at any cost.This disease can be spread by an infected person by the acts of coughing or sneezing. This happens due to the fact that the person actually expels the drops which contain the bacterium of diphtheria and thus the other person coming in contact with it inhales it and thereby becomes a victim of it (Margulies, 2005). The sermon of this disease is mainly done by hospitalizing the patient and giving him or her antibiotics.A merica has a history of suffering from Diphtheria before 1920s but after that with the introduction of the vaccine this disease has taken a backseat.MalariaThe reason that a person gets affected with malaria is because a person gets affected with the parasite transmitted by the infected mosquitoes (Isle, 2001). The symptoms of this disease can be observed within ten day to four weeks after the individual has been bitten by the infected mosquito. The symptoms of malaria are as follows chills, fever, sweating, muscle pain and headache. When this disease occurs in a serious or sever manner, then the patient may vomit a lot, suffer from iron deficiency (anemia), kidneys can fail to work properly, can go to coma or even die.The anti-malarial drugs help in curing the disease in the infected patients but there are also many ways in which this particular disease can be prevented to happen. No open fresh waters should be kept in ones household or neighborhood as that is best breeding place for mosquitoes. Precautions against getting bitten can be taken by igniting mosquito killing coils, cover song the windows with nets etc. Each and every individual should avoid getting bitten by mosquitos where the malaria infection is either quite common or if there is already an individual affected with the disease.Since the parasite causing malaria needs warm temperature in order to grow and survive, this disease is mainly found in tropical and sub-tropical countries (Marcus, 2004).MeaslesThis disease is caused by a virus and is highly contagious in nature. The very early symptoms of this disease which can noticed are that of fever, cough, the eyes turn red, and the patient suffers from a runny nose (Rosaler, 2005). Initially, a type of rash appears on the skin where white spots can be noticed around the verbalise and a red rash covers the whole body. The longevity of this rash is about four to seven days. In cases where the disease of very severe and intense nature, the patien t can also suffer from diarrhea, the ear can get infected, occurrence of pneumonia is also a possibility, the brain can get swelled up (encephalitis) and also death.The measles virus can be transmitted from one person to another by the act of simple sneezing or coughing. The virus has the capacitance to stay in the air for about two long hours even after the person infected with the virus has left the place. There is no particular remedy or instant treatment for such a disease. The patients are mainly advised to take complete bed rest.Around the world, more than 20 million people are affected with this in each and every year and thus this disease can be said to be very common. But with an effective immunization campaign, this disease can be controlled and thus the population can be kept safe.ArthritisThis is a kind or type of the disorder of joints for which the joints gets swollen up. This is a common disease in adults who lead a very unhealthy lifestyle and do not give much impor tance their own health and eating habits. Arthritis occurs mainly as a result of continuous physical inactivity and a poor nutrition of the individual under consideration. The people who have a greater chance of getting affected by this particular disease are those suffering from the following factors Obesity, common Injuries etc. If a person endeavors to manage his weight and thereby decrease it to a proper limit, then the risk of the person getting affected by arthritis is much lowered. Thus doing physical activity on a regular basis can be considered as a precautionary measurement to such a disease. There are many different kinds of arthritis but the most common of them in existence is that of osteoarthritis.Influence of various factors on Public Health PoliciesIn the United States, the threats due to the environmental health are always increasing and are much more observable in the populations having low income and also in that of the communities where colored people belong (Pe rrin, Durch Skillman, 1999). The environmental science researchers have always endeavored to scram a correlation or association between the environment in which human beings are existing and the condition of health of those people. Thus, the role and responsibility of the primary care physicians as well as that of the other health providers are always in a state of flux as they have to act according to the environment itself. Thus they have an influence on the health policies that are being constructed for the oecumenical population to follow. The health of the general population is also one of the responsibilities of an efficient government and thus a political body would try to use its resources in order to understand and thereby develop public health policies which will prove to enrich and enhance the lives of the general population (Holland, 1999). Scientific and technological advancement has made a lot of things easier for the general population. Through scientific research work, a lot of effective medicines have been created which helps to treat patients and the basic precautionary medicines are mentioned in the health policies. Through the technological advancement, many devices have been created which helps in the detection as well as cure of many diseases at a very early stage. Thus in a way, the scientific and technical factors also have an influence on the public health policies that are made for the general population.Efficacy of the Various Factors InvolvedThe current public health policies are quite efficient as a lot of diseases have been able to be prevented through the proper execution of these policies. The primary policy of creating awareness regarding the different diseases and their effects is the first feeling towards preventing and mitigating the various kinds of infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. Through awareness the possibility of the disease occurring will be lowered and thus care and treatment can be done in a prope r way. Secondly, as the development in the field of medicine due to the extensive scientific researches done has happened in a great manner, so it has a positive effect on the public health policies (Brownson, 2003). Through governmental endeavor different campaigns are conducted over different regions and places in order to provide with medicinal equipment, giving a clinical check up to the individuals of the area in order of find out if anyone is suffering from any diseases. The policy which states that each individual is needed to go through a medical checkup within time to time actually helps individuals to identify if they are having any health problems at a very early stage. Thus is can be said in a way that the efficacy of the policies and practices are positive in the lives of the general population.Alternative Approaches to Address the Different Health ProblemsThe alternative way in which different diseases can be controlled can be through the process of vaccination. For ex ample, rotavirus, pneumococcal and HPV vaccines can be considered as significant and very important new interventions which can be used to reduce the different diarrheal diseases, infections relating to the respiratory tract or respiration and cervical cancer respectively. Diarrhea can also be controlled with the treatment of zinc, ORS and antibiotics amongst others.ConclusionThus it can be observed that the human life is vulnerable to the human life but at the same time can be controlled by taking some simple precautionary measures. A lot of factors influence the construction of the public health policies which are helpful for the general population. But it is also the responsibility of the health providers to take care of some ethical issue while doing their job. For example, no care provider should work is he or she is sick as that would increase the opportunity of the disease getting spread. Thus it can very well be understood that the diseases can be ridden off only by the join t effort of both the patient and the care giver. There is not perfect treatment for diabetes but could be controlled by leading a healthy life style along with regular exercise and healthy eating.ReferencesBarua, D., Burrows, W. (1974). Cholera. Philadelphia Saunders.Brownson, R. (2003). Evidence-based public health. Oxford Oxford University Press.Buchan, W., Cathrall, I. (1797). Domestic medicine or, A treatise on the ginmill and cure of diseases, by regimen and simple medicines. Philadelphia Printed by Richard Folwell. For John Low, no. 132, Water-Street, New-York.Bunch, B. (1997). Diseases. Danbury, CT Grolier Educational.Buschard, K. (2011). What causes type 1 diabetes? Lessons from animal models. APMIS, 119, pp.1-19.Guilfoile, P. (2009). Diphtheria. New York Chelsea House.Hayhurst, C. (2001). Cholera. New York Rosen.Holland, W. (1999). Public health policies in the European Union. Aldershot Ashgate.Isle, M. (2001). Malaria. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Jackman, J., Chafe, R., A lbrechtsons, D., Porter, R., Nugent, C., Waheed, S. and Newhook, L. (2015). Delayed diagnosis and issues with pump usage are the leading causes of diabetic ketoacidosis in children with diabetes living in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. BMCKradin, R. (2010). symptomatic pathology of infectious disease. Philadelphia, PA Saunders Elsevier.Marcus, B. (2004). Malaria. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers.Margulies, P. (2005). Diphtheria. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Perrin, E., Durch, J., Skillman, S. (1999). Health performance measurement in the public sector. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press.Rosaler, M. (2005). Measles. New York Rosen Pub. Group.Stehouwer, C., Schaper, N. (2009). Diabetes. Oxford Clinical Pub.Vries, R., Cohen, I., Rood, J. (1990). The Role of micro-organisms in non-infectious diseases. London Springer-Verlag.1 Page

Use of Language in Out of Africa by Grace Nichols :: essays research papers

This poem takes us on a journey of Grace Nichols life, from her ancestry in Africa to her migration from the Caribbean to England. Language features such as extended metaphors and repetition of phrases help to keep this journey flowing.The first language feature we come across is the repetition of the give voices surface of and into. The phrases being repeated help to link past and present. The first stanza repeats Out of This talks about Graces ancestry, i.e. coming out of before her time. The trice and third stanza Into is about her life and her past. Grace lived in the Caribbean and moved to England so the into refers to her life experiences. Personification is used widely throughout the poem, an example of this is the personification of the word bugger off. Out of Africa of the suckling. The word mother is not specifically mentioned in the line but sucking refers to the relationship between mother and child. The second reference to mother is a personification of the earth, Out of Africa of the first rains, the first mother. This personification is symbolic and has references to the past, the first rains being those rains of a long time ago. The personification of the trampled autumn tongues, washbowl be taken on two levels. (It is also an extended metaphor) Trampled autumn tongues could be taken literally i.e. leaves being trampled on or metaphorically. The leaves could be reference to the tongues of the slaves (slaves tongues would be cut off if they were caught speaking between each other in their native tongue.)The structure of the poem is also interesting, there are three stanzas, the first and second stanza are equal in length but the third is slightly longer. The third stanza is the longest because that is where she is living now and has been the longest.The news report voice in the poem is the voice of the African people. The tone is sarcastic and hast a hint of mocking to it, with parts such as baleful tourist glair and happy Creole so- called mentality. These lines show the ignorance of the white tourists that come to the Caribbean expecting everyone else (Caribbean people) to be happy just because they are on holiday. This is a white persons stereotype of the Caribbean and so the tourists are labeled as having a baleful glair.

In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverly

In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverly retold in a monologue that focuses on patriarchy and struggle.In Christa Wolfs Cassandra, the story of the fall of Troy is cleverlyretold in a monologue that focuses on patriarchy and war. The sweettells the tale of the Trojan War by dint of the eyes of Cassandra, who isthe daughter of Priam and prisoner of Agamemnon. While reading thebook, the reader must wonder what changes Troy is going through beforeand after the war. In the months leading up to the war, changes toTroy were already starting to develop as its tension with Greeceincreased. However, these changes didnt become obvious until afterthe war was over with.In the beginning, Troy was meant to be a perfect city built by theGods. After it was taken over by humans, it was a rarefied and happy citythat was full of freedom. The women in Troy were especially free,given most of the same freedoms as men were given. King Priam andQueen Hecuba ruled unneurotic and made mutual decisions. Other women inthe city were given important positions as well. This is what madeTroy a special city, unique from the other cities at the time. As thetension between Troy and Greece heightened, Troy did everything in itspower to ward off the Greeks. The Trojans were known to be a race ofkind mint who fought with honor. The Greeks, however, were known asthe bad boys and never fought by the rules. This is illustratedthroughout the war, ...