The Significance of Sound in Film Essay -- Cinematography Sound Analys

Movies ultimately engage two of the main senses, vision and hearing. Director Steven Spielberg once said, The eye sees better when the telephone is great. Sound is just as imperative as an element as every additional component of film form. As stated in the textbook on page 41 Any attentive filmgoer is aware of the enormous power music holds in shaping the film experience, manipulating emotions and point of view, and guiding perceptions of characters, moods, and news report events (Gorbman). The sound, in the majority of narrative films is the element that provides distinctive cues that assist the spectators from expectations with reference to significance and in numerous occasions, sound essentially helps to shape the audiences analyses and interpretations regarding the film. For this final paper, I want to discuss the grandness of sound in three of the films viewed this semester. These three films are Bonnie and Clyde the 1967 film by Arthur Penn, there Will Be Blood the 2 007 film by capital of Minnesota Thomas Anderson and Bamboozled the 2000 film by Spike Lee.With omission of the track scenes, there was virtually no music heard in the film Bonnie and Clyde. There wasnt an accompanying piano, orchestra or string quartet reminiscent of most other films. However, there is the hillbilly banjo music that is played merely throughout these chase scenes in the film. If there were not any music playing throughout these scenes, I think that spectators would construe the chase scenes as being nerve-racking and uncertain getaways. But, the Barrow Gang as they called themselves, were an entertaining company that thought everything they were doing was comical. Another scene in Bonnie and Clyde that I found that vastly utilized sound was th... ...pleasant to watch, that is if it is done correctly. I always have found that sound and music help to move films along faster and smoother.Works CitedBarsam, Richard and Dave Monahan. Looking at Movies An excogit ation To Film. Third Edition. New York W.W. Norton & Company Ltd., 2010.Bradshaw, Peter. There Will Be Blood. 8 February 2008. 7 December 2010 .Gorbman, Claudia. Film Music. Gibson, John Hill and Pamela Church. Film Studies critical approaches. Oxford Oxford University puppy love Inc., 2000. 41-48.Stevens, Dana. There Will Be Blood Paul Thomas Andersons deranged masterpiece. 24 December 2007. 7 December 2010 .Venicelion. Bamboozled (US 2000). 31 October 2008. 6 December 2010 .

Financial Ratio Analysis Essay -- Business Finance

Before beginning an analysis of a smart set it is necessary to have a complete set of financial statements, instead for the pas few years so that historical trends can be obtained. Ratios are a way for anyone to get an idea of the financial performance of a attach to by using the information contained in the financial statements. Ratios are grouped into four basic categories, liquidity, activity, profitability, and financial leverage. This document will use a cast of these ratios to analyze the firm, Sample Company, as of December 31,2000. Financial Statement Ratios Profitability Ratios The ratios returns on investment (ROI) and return on equity (ROE) are two of the closely popular measure of profitability of a company and, along with the P/E ratio, have the most significant value of any of the ratios. The DuPont Model expands on the ROI calculation by inserting sales and its relationship to the companies generation of profits and utilization of assets into the calculation. Add itional profitability ratios include the price dinero ratio (P/E), the dividend payout and the dividend yield. The price earnings ratio helps to indicate to investor how expensive the shares of common stock of a firm are. Dividend yield is part of the stockholders ROI and is represented by the annual cash dividend. Dividend yields have historically been between 3% to 6% for common stock and 5% to 8% for preferred stock. Dividend payout ratio shows the proportion of the earnings paid to common shareholders. Dividend payout for manufacturing companies range from 30% to 50%, but can vary widely. Dupont Analysis (ROI) - Return on Investment The return on Investment (ROI) is important because it describes the rate of return the company was able to... ... ratios, should be assessed over time in order to verify their meaning. Sample Company For our Sample Co. there are several ratios that are low, for the average manufacturing company. The ROI and ROE are below average as are the current ratio and the acid-test ratio. The P/E ratio is $42 / $3.51 = 12, which searchs very good and close to(prenominal) the debt ratio and debt to equity ratio are within the guideline. With the good and bad of these ratios hard to tell what sort of industry this is. With the ROI, ROE, and acid-test low like they are it doesnt seem like a retailer/merchandising company, and a e-commerce for 2000 would probably have a P/E greater than 12. What that leaves is an international service company of some kind, so Ill go with that. Marshall, D. H., McManus, W. W, & Viele, D. (2002). Accounting What the Numbers Mean. 5th ed. San Francisco Irwin/McGraw-Hill.

Nature v. Nurture in Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordi

Nature v. Nurture in Mark Twains Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary TwinsWhat makes a person who they are is a nasty dilemma. Mark Twains novel, Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins is a critical analysis of how nature and nurture can cultivate emotions and free will, which in turn affects the life of individuals. Twains worn down sense of direction began about slavery, moral decay, and deceptive realities (Kaplan 314). The debate of nature versus nurture has been one of the most intriguing scientific and cultural issues for most of the twentieth century, in determining the behavioral aspects of human beings. The changes in environment, society, education, political influences, family values and morals and other external influences, combined with physical genes determines how mankind will evolve into adulthood. both(prenominal) nature and nurture, in combination with emotions and free will, control the behavior of human beings and determines who we are.Anthropologi sts, who reflect humans and their origins, generally accept that the human species can be categorize into races based on physical and genetic makeup. For example, many slaves had physical differences from their counterpart white race, such as dark skin and wiry hair. Throughout history, the study of Sociology has had a significant impacted the nature versus nurture debate. Social Darwinism based its theory on genetic determinism and natural selection, advocating a capitalist economy, promoting racism and the inherent discrepancy of such as society. Karl Marx, also an advocate for capitalism and slavery, applied the Marxist philosophy to the practice of science, emphasizing environmental influences determined behavior. Max Weber is cognise his ... ...lard Stern, Nahra, Nancy. American Lives. New York, NY Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1997Sandler, Martin W., Rozwenc, Edwin C., Martin, Edward C. The People Make A Nation. Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1975.Skinner, B.F. A Brief Survey of Operant Behavior. Cambridge, MA B. F. Skinner Foundation. 1938Skinner, Ellen A. Perceived Control, Motivation, & Coping. Thousands Oaks, CA shrewd Publications, Inc. 1995.Twain, Mark. Puddnhead Wilson and Those Extraordinary Twins. New York, NY W. W. Norton and Company, 2005. Wachs, Theodore D. The Nature of Nurture. Thousands Oaks, CA Sage Publications, Inc. 1992.Wilson, Jim. Criminal Genes. Popular Science. Pars International Corp. New York, NY. November 12, 2002. http//www.popularmechanics.com/science/research/1282176.html

A Biography of Nelson Mandela :: Nelson Mandela Biography

A Biography of Nelson MandelaNelson Rolihlahla Mandela is judged to be one of the greatest political leaders of modern times. Among his many accomplishments are the 1993 Nobel Peace consider for his dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa and establishing democracy there and becoming the president of South Africa in 1994 following their first multiracial elections. Nelson was born as the foster son of a Thembu chief in Umtata (now the province of Eastern Cape) and raised in a traditional tribal kitchen-gardening within the grips of apartheid, a major powerful system of black oppression that existed in South Africa. After years as a poor student and impartiality clerk in Johannesburg, he assumed an important role in the African National Congress (ANC), a civil rights group. He also helped stochastic variable the ANC Youth League in the 1950s. He was accused of treason in 1956 but was acquitted in 1961. From 1960-1962 Mandela led the NACs para military wi ng cognise as Umkhonto we Sizwe which translate to Spear of the Nation. He was arrested in August of 1962, sentenced to five years in prison and while incarcerated was again convicted of sabotage and treason and was sentenced to life sentence imprisonment in june, 1964 at the famous Rivonia Trial. During his twenty-seven years in prison, Nelson Mandela became a symbol of resistance to the white-dominated country of South Africa throughout the world. After coordination compound negotiation, Mandela was finally released from prison by President F.W. deKlerk in February, 1990, after lifting the long ban on the ANC. Mandelas release from prison marked the beginning of the end of apartheid in South Africa when he once again became the head of the ANC. He began the process to from a new constitution in South Africa which would allow political power to the black majority. Finally in 1991 the South African government repealed the laws that had upheld apartheid. In May, 1994 Nelson Mandel a became South Africas first black president after the countrys first multiracial elections were held. His terminal was to provide for economic and social growth for the black majority that had been oppressed for so long by the system of apartheid.

Legion: An Exegetical Analysis :: essays research papers

Legion An Exe rangeical AnalysisIn this analysis I will be displace from five passages found in tendency 5 9-13, which is the story of the demonic possession by the demon which is called Legion. I will be drawing on the context of the whole passage which is separate 5 1-20, but my main focus and purpose of this analysis is to shed light on verses 9-13. I study referenced three different versions of these passages in different Bibles, the KJV, NIV and the NRSV, but I cod found no significant difference, so the context in which I will use these references bares no large concern to the analysis, other than to show a harmony of the translations. While this occurrence is accounted in the other synoptic Gospels, Mark gives us the longest and most detailed account of this occurrence. This is also the longest and most detailed occurrence in the gospel of Mark. This occurrence happens in the farming of the Gerasenes, which is stated in verse one of Mark 5, which it is uncertain exactly where this location is, but the herd of swine found in verse eleven of Mark 5 indicates that this is a territory of the Gentiles. Nothing about this land is kosher everything was unclean spirits, tombs, swine and the territory, but Jesus still had power just as more than as in the land of the Jews. Which will prove to be of significance in my analysis when I start to touch on verses 9-13. The accounts found in Matthew and Luke is more vague than the account in Mark, which is rich with detail. This could mean that Mark may have had access to an eyewitness account of the event. In verse 5 Jesus asks for the name of the unclean spirit that has possessed the man in which he replies, My name is Legion for we are many. This is characteristic of the ancient belief that cognition of a name gave you power over your adversaries. This was also evident in verse 7 where the demon already knows who Jesus was and says his name to try and have a somewhat of an upper hand. The fact that he replied with the name Legion which is actually a number rather than a name shows that the demons were trying to get out of a situation in which they felt powerless. This shows significance in two ways, in that Jesus had power over the demons even though he knew not their names and in the fact that this is not only one demon of Satans work, but a whole army.

Legion: An Exegetical Analysis :: essays research papers

Legion An Exegetical AnalysisIn this analysis I will be drawing from five passages build in Mark 5 9-13, which is the story of the demonic possession by the demon which is called Legion. I will be drawing on the context of the all in all passage which is Mark 5 1-20, but my main focus and purpose of this analysis is to shed light on verses 9-13. I have referenced troika different versions of these passages in different Bibles, the KJV, NIV and the NRSV, but I have found no significant difference, so the context in which I will routine these references bares no large concern to the analysis, other than to show a harmony of the translations. While this occurrence is accounted in the other synoptic Gospels, Mark gives us the eight-day and most detailed account of this occurrence. This is also the longest and most detailed occurrence in the gospel of Mark. This occurrence happens in the country of the Gerasenes, which is stated in verse one of Mark 5, which it is uncertain exactly w here this location is, but the herd of swine found in verse eleven of Mark 5 indicates that this is a territory of the Gentiles. Nothing about this land is kosher everything was unclean spirits, tombs, swine and the territory, but Jesus still had power just as much as in the land of the Jews. Which will prove to be of significance in my analysis when I start to touch on verses 9-13. The accounts found in Matthew and Luke is more black than the account in Mark, which is rich with detail. This could mean that Mark may have had access to an eyewitness account of the event. In verse 5 Jesus asks for the tell of the unclean spirit that has possessed the man in which he replies, My label is Legion for we are many. This is characteristic of the ancient belief that knowledge of a name gave you power over your adversaries. This was also evident in verse 7 where the demon already knows who Jesus was and says his name to try and have a more or less of an upper hand. The fact that he replie d with the name Legion which is actually a number rather than a name shows that the demons were trying to get out of a situation in which they felt powerless. This shows significance in two ways, in that Jesus had power over the demons even though he knew not their label and in the fact that this is not only one demon of Satans work, but a whole army.

Prisons and Jails Essay

Almost all nations and cultures have made laws to protect their citizens. From the early years and over the decades these laws have been kept in force to prevent the societies from experiencing situations of anarchy. Different penalisation has been provided for in different countries to prevent its people from adopting a path and practice of fell activities. The military man of today is characterized by the presence of criminals who atomic number 18 brought to book and punished in a variety of ways depending on the culture and values of each country or society.Prisoners have been locked up in prison house houses and meted out with full terms that include punishment by way of a rigorous regimen of rugged labor while endureing the term as also milder ones that may include a stint in reformatory homes. Historically punishments have ranged from corporal punishment to death penalty, Several countries have for long been awarding the death penalty for committing heinous crimes that were executed in several forms that included, hanging, guillotine, by firing squad, lynching and forthwith electric chair. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi is the oldest record available to ascertain that a egal clay existed to award punishment in the Middle East.Western countries were influenced by and followed the laws enacted in ancient Rome whereby each city had a court that worked under the Law of Twelve Tables so as to protect citizens and to make the rulers and establishments effective. The Justinian Code is considered to be the most logical and effective legal organisation that was most effective in ancient times whereby punishment was meted out by the process of Law. In due course people began to realize the value of a legal strategy that protected citizens and each country began to appoint heriffs to deal with punishments and the justice system became a major part of society although they were never fool proof and were always characterized by shortcomings that put a q uestion mark on the efficiency of the judiciary. In ancient times the justice and reform system was often misused when criminals were hung on crosses, sometimes tortured to death or pop outd in dungeons to die.Those citizens who protested were also treated as criminals and tortured or put behind bars. It was during this time, in the 19th century and mainly in the Roman Empire that complaisant justice was effectively implemented nd more prisons were built to punish criminals humanely. This soon had effect on the rest of the world and with the emergence of the modern world more prisons were built and departments pile up to manage them effectively. With the widespread maturing of the legal system over the decades, more and more criminals were brought to book and the law abiding citizens heaved a sigh of relief especially during the time of the Queen of Britain at the turn of the 19th century.Under the new system the criminal was given an opportunity to record himself innocent and the overnment had to prove a someone to be guilty of crime within the prevailing provisions of law, before he could be convictd to a term of punishment and imprisonment. Although capital punishment continued to prevail but it was awarded in the rarest of rare cases. Over the years with the influence of Human Rights Organizations and Civil Rights Movements, the trend has restrain in to rather reform the wrong doers than to award extreme penalties by giving sentenced criminals opportunities to amend themselves and to come pole within the mainstream of society.Under the system convicts are put on probation or parole under the watchful eyes of probation officers appointed by courts to ensure that such people remain disciplined and purely follow the code of conduct as outlined by the court. The view of punishment taken by society has changed dramatically over the years. Initially punishment comprised of physical torture, maiming, death by burning, hard labor, deprivation of food ade quate clothing and shelter, but attitudes of the society have changed directly and the belief is to punish by way of imprisonment of varying periods epending on the severity of the crime.Imprisonment today is considered punishment for ones wrong doings, which is also consistent with the societys objective of keeping such people aloof until they are reformed to lead a normal life within society. To insist that a person is sent to prison so that he is punished is wrong in todays context since after he completes his term he has the apology to return to his old ways. Hence prison authorities today have a duty to fulfill by way of reforming the convict during his term so as to transform him into a more responsible citizen.It is for this reason that in most countries modern society is characterized by a prison and punishment system that strongly believes that the most effective form of punishment is to deprive the convict of his freedom until he is reformed. In this context the compositi on and diversity of prison population in America has been examined and found that presently over two million people are in Ameri clear prisons.This does indicate that modern society has now been characterized by a pattern, which clearly indicates that the giving medication is duty bound to ensure freedom to criminals once their 4 rison terms are over and that they gel back into society with a tag of respect and positive aspirations. The changing attitudes and trends have seen a constant inflow of inmates in the Federal, State and local prisons. The Federal government held a majority of 63% of the inmates while local municipal and county jails held 30%, and the remaining being accounted for in other prisons.. Most states have been experiencing a 5% increase in the number of inmates over the last three years. Private prisons held about 86626 prisoners which accounts for about 7% of the inmates in American prison.A hugger-mugger prison is a place in which convicts are physically det ained by a private organization for profit at the instance of the legal authorities. These companies enter into an compact with the federal government to take care of and reform and motivate prisoners and claim from them a fixed fee amount per prisoner. There are about 264 private prisons/correctional facilities in the United States that take care of about 110000 offenders. The concept of private prisons was floated to reduce government expenses in the long run, but the scheme has non worked effectively due to private sector neffectiveness with convicts, and having realized this the federal government is not encouraging further addition to their numbers.The number of private prisons is now set to decline gradually. Rates of imprisonment have greatly increased due to increase in the rate of criminal offences, which is considered a consequence of the fast baffle development that is taking place in the modern world. More delinquencies resulting from human inadequacies to tolerate in equalities have resulted in people taking the course first towards kidskin crimes and then graduating to bigger ones and then ultimately falling into legal traps that lead to their conviction and further imprisonment. In America imprisonment is the most common sentence in legislation for serious offences in terms of dealing with criminal activities, which explains the high number of prisoners in jails.Only effective and well targeted correction measures and programs can reduce criminal offending and over time there is good reason to target investment in preventive approaches for the betterment of those undergoing prison sentences. As discussed earlier, in the modern world the biggest punishment for a criminal is to urtail his freedom for the succession of his sentence and during this time it is the duty of the jail administration to make him undergo a rigorous regimen of correction and transformation into a more responsible and law abiding citizen. The American government has an a rrangement in place whereby all jail administrators are to undergo a training program to specialize in dealing with and reforming convicts and to encourage them in displaying their creativity and interests so that when their prison term is over they can lead the life style that is in keeping with that of a responsible and respectable citizen.The American judicial and correction system is such that it is considered to be one of the most liberal in terms of providing guarantees of human rights and opportunities for misguided people to reform themselves. There are several government sponsored programs that provide for opportunities for such people to reestablish themselves for a better means of livelihood. The punishment part for their wrong doings gets over the moment they finish with the duration of their prison sentence and after that they can look forward to a happier life free of the stigma that attaches to a person of such background.

Analyse and provide evidence Essay

a) Analyse and provide evidence of the growth of trade on the mesh and its contribution to organisations 40 long time ago, earnings was created but not popular. It was only used for science and experiment purposes and there were not many computers at that time about a potassium PCs or a bit more over the world. The Internet 40 years ago simply was a computer connected to computers to communicate and percentage information between each other. Computer experts, engineers, scientists, and librarians used the early Internet. There was nothing friendly about it.There were no home or occasion personal computers in those days, and anyone who used it, whether a computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very thickening system. After 40 years, we have got hundred millions of computers which are small, faster and more comfortable than before. The first website was also created about at the time as Internet but nowadays we have more than 40 mill ions websites in all areas. The figures below showing the number of website between 1998 and 2000.Internet is now flesh outing, directing and highly involving in our life day to day and society. Following its development many operate such as services, trade and business have been turned from conventionalism life into electronic to meet require of nation and make profit. Trade on Internet make a huge profit with many advantages handle quick, save time and ease of marketing.E-Trade is growth very fast in few years backward because now a day many peoples are using Internet and Internet now a day has been popular, we have about 934,480 Internet users in 2004 over the world (http//www.c-i-a. com/pr0904. htm) and it is handout to over a billion in 2007, the Internet users are increasing then the e-trade provide have more sellers and buyers.The E-Banking also apart of growth of E-trade, by using credit or debit cards Internet users mass easily by goods online. E-banking helps busin ess online making a quickly transfer and sanctuary payment. Online banking has grown every year that means obtain and spending money online are more popular.The research reveals that 45 percent European online consumers are expect to buy more products online in the coming years, compared to 41 percent of American consumers and Britain consumers last year which spent about 1 billion pounds on online shopping (http//www. nua. ie/surveys/index. cgi? f=VS&art_id=905358734&rel=true). By using Internet a company can marketing their products at any time and anywhere in the world. Customers can easily find what they want by few clicks, outrank products and get it in few days. Organisations use e-trade and Internet as a strategy to develop their business.They use Internet recruit an employees or provide a good services to their customers. According to new figures from the Department of Trade and Industry, half of UK firms now order goods and services online. This represents a 52 percent i ncrease on the number of UK companies ordering online last year. The study reveals that 91 percent of businesses now have opening to the Internet, while 80 percent have a website. Around 20 percent of firms also reported making payments online an increase of nearly 20 percent on this time last year.Trading and marketing on the Internet is the most efficient way to develop the organisation thats why Internet is very necessary and its contributions to organisation are very important. E-trading has obviously grown very fast since last decade until now and will more expand in the future because it has advantages which make enormous profit for business and many important elements support it. With the incredible development of technology in the future, Internet will have more chance to demonstrate its real effect to organisation and social life.

Reading Books Essay

interlingual rendition a book is one of the best forms of entertainment a mortal can have. Books can take you places to a time and lifestyle that you will never visit or experience. I remember the old show called Reading Rainbow and it lyrics were gave a very interesting take on books they went like this I can twice as high take a look, its in a book A Reading Rainbow, I can go anywhere, Friends to know and ways to grow, Reading Rainbow, I can be anything take a look its in a book. Those lyrics are so true.Reading a book you can read about how life was in the 1700s up until our generation today. I could be a detective who solves a famous mystery or I could be the killer trying to break away. I can learn to speak another language. There are so many things and topics in reading a book that can alternate your appearance, your political viewpoints, and change your attitude. Some say that books might become obsolete because photographs are made from these books and you can watch the movies in two hours. Watching the movies a person feels that you can get the plot and conclusion of the book in two hours.This is true but for example if it is true life story the movie are going to change some parts of the books to make it more enjoyable, whereas the book is going to give you every detail the author wants you to have. Books gives people a conversation piece just like a movie but the only difference is books can join the world. Movies cant be seen in some countries but a book can be read. So like the Reading Rainbow says take a look its in a book. So in conclusion reading a book is the best form of entertainment.Stephanie C. WilliamsNovember 20, 2010

Data Link Case Study

The Importance of Data intimacy Communication in Aviation Matthew D. Palmer Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract This idea explores the importance of entropy affair communication in aviation. The importance of these systems and their positive outcomes to the aviation ground are also covered. Authorities such as the national Aviation Administration, EuroControl, and military departments will be used to show different aspects of selective information links importance. The importance of each department and its specific use of data link systems is defined and elaborated on.Though each specific department varies its use of the system, the aviation world is becoming safer as they progress their programs. The importance of Data Link Communication in Aviation Numerous studies have been conducted on the importance of data link communication and its application in aviation transportation. These studies are outside(a) and include all regions of airspace on the planet. Data link programs have proven effective in the areas of safety, efficiency, and military applications. Data link communication is the style of connecting one location to another for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.The aircraft flight oversight system gathers important flight information and transmits this information to ATC. This information is called a downlink. in one case the information is organized by ground controllers, it sends navigation information to the aircraft to provide weather information and a safe flight path to its destination. This is called an uplink. Data link systems use a program called ACARS to send information. ACARS is a digital data system using the aircrafts VHF radio to communicate with operators using bursts of data. The aviation world is quickly expanding with growth and technological advancement.Data link systems have proven full(prenominal)ly effective in increasing safety for airlines, air cargo operations, defense aviation, and le isure time aviation. Safety is an immense priority for all aviation authorities. Data link systems have the ability to send information to pilots without worrying about interfering static, high communication volume, or dead spots. The system is ergonomically designed to be user friendly. Data is easily accessible and has a simultaneous send rate. As data link systems progress, theyre creating a more efficient way to travel or transport via aviation.Organizations such as EuroControl have already started using data link systems for their efficiency. EUROCONTROLs mission is to harmonize and integrate air navigation services in Europe, aiming at the creation of a uniform air traffic management (ATM) system for civil and military users, in order to achieve the safe, secure, orderly, expeditious and economic flow of traffic throughout Europe, while minimizing adverse environmental impact. (SkyBrary, 2012) at a time that flight plans are more closely monitored, EuroControl can set navigat ion plans in a straight-line formation.This will greatly save the airlines fuel, money, and travel time to and from destinations. armed services organizations of the world also greatly rely on data link communication. By using encrypted data link messages, ground controllers can easily differentiate if an aircraft is an enemy or ally. Certain military data link applications such as Blue Force Tracker, and Hawklink, are used by NATO forces to send and hand over classified flight information. Pilots using Blue Force Tracker are able to send messages to ground controllers and other aircraft through an electronic knee board.The CDL Hawklink solution is a high speed, air-to-surface, digital data link that transmits data, imagery, electronic support measures, communications, and radar information gathered by the helicopters sensors to be multiplexed and transmitted in excess of 100 nm, at a rate of 10. 71 and 21. 42 megabits per second, to the host ship via the Ku-band link. (Harris Avi ation, 2012). Both of these systems are extremely effective to their users while conducting charge operations. In conclusion, data link programs have proven effective in the areas of safety, efficiency, and military applications.As these programs continue to advance, ground controllers can help reduce the frequency of potentiality accidents and incidents. References European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation. (2012). retrieved September 30 2012, from http//www. skybrary. com entanglement Site http//www. skybrary. com. aero/index. php/EUROCONTROL Ku-band Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL) Hawklink SystemMH-60R LAMPS Helicopter. (2012). Retrieved September 30, 2012, from http//www. govcomm. harris. com Web Site http//www. govcomm. harris. com/solutions/products/000074. asp

Literary Terms Modern Essay Essay

The aim of this glossary is not to set in concrete linguistic process that ar constantly changing and evolving, just or else to help scholars develop the critical tools and vocabulary with which to understand and talk about poetry.Since poets themselves oft eons disagree about the sum and importance of legal injury some(prenominal)(prenominal) as free verse, rhythm, lyric, structure, and the prose metric composition, and since control of literary discourse is part of each new generations struggle for poetical ascendancy, it seems only reasonable and appropriate for the student to view all told efforts to define critical terminology in a historical perspective and with a healthy degree of scepticism.This mini-glossary reflects the continuing debate between traditional metrics and free verse, and between differing c onceptions of the poets craft and role in society. A fuller and to a greater extent lively debate whitethorn often be ready in the notes on the poets and in t he poetics section. In a number of instances, I have been slight concerned to offer hard-andfast definitions than to alert readers to the animosity that surrounds received critical terms.The following list is by no means complete, but is intended to aid and provoke, to stimulate discussion and debate and send the am exploitation reader on to more comprehensive sources. I have made in concentrate of and recommend highly A Glossary of Literary price (1957), by M. H. Abrams the Princeton Encyclopedia of meter and Poetics (1974), edited by Alex Preminger, Frank, J. Warnke, and O. B. Hardison, Jr and The Poets Dictionary A Handbook of Prosody and Poetic Devices (1989), by William Packard. G. G. ccent The emphasis, or tense up, placed on a syllable, reflecting pitch, duration, and the pressures of grammar and syntax. While all syllables argon accented or emphasise in speech and in poetry, we tend to describe the less dominant as feminine or unaccented syllables. In metrical vers e, accented and unaccented ( nervous strained and un stress) syllables atomic number 18 easily identified. Robert Burnss famous barrier My love is like a red, red rose expertness be described as an iambic tetrameter line, with four feet each consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by an accented one.However, it can be argued that such(prenominal) a reading trivializes and effectively undercuts the emotional power of the poetic utterance, and that the sense of the line dictates a slightly different reading, which locates three strong stresses or accents in the second half of the line My love is like a red, red rose. See to a fault FEET and METER. 2 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th alexandrine A twelve-syllable line, usually consisting of six iambic feet. alliteration A common poetic device that involves the repetition of the same sound or sounds in words or lines in close proximity. all tolditeration was most pronounced in Anglo-Saxon poems such as The Wanderer and The Seaf arer, which Earle Birney imitates in his satire of Toronto, Anglo-Saxon track Dawndrizzle ended dampness steams from Blotching brick and blank plasterwaste Faded ho expenditure patterns hoary and finicky unfold stuttering stick like a phonograph While such intense piling up of consonants was once a common mnemonic device (an aid to memory), changing literary fashions have, to a large extent, rendered such self-conscious exhibitions too blunt and obvious for the contemporary ear, except when utilize for comic purposes.Exceptions acknowledge rap poetry and spoken word, both of which make extensive use of alliteration and rhyme. Nevertheless, the repetition, or rhyming, of vowels, consonants, and consonant clusters (nt, th, st, etcetera) remains a still a central component in constructing the soundscape of the poem, just as the repetition and variation of come across and idea enrich the intellectual and sensory fabric. The most talented practitioners will be listening linchpinward s and forwards as they compose, picking up and restate both realises and sounds that give the poem a rich and interlocking texture.See ASSONANCE, CONSONANCE, RHYME, and PROSODY. allusion Personal, topical, historical, or literary references are common in poetry, though, to be successful, they involve an listening with shared experience and values. Biblical or classical allusions, for example, or Canadian political allusions, might be totally unrecognizable to an Asian Muslim reader. Although readers before long tire of verbal exhibitionism, they still expect a degree of allusion to challenge them and to stimulate curiosity.Lawrence Ferlinghettis Junkmans Obgligato assumes the readers familiarity with both T. S. Eliots applaud Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and W. B. Yeatss Lake Isle of Innisfree for a full appreciation of the ironic counterpointing of down-and-out urban images and those of an idealized pastoral landscape. At the same time, the poem alike oerflows with topical and literary allusions from the junkyard of nineteenth- and ordinal-century European and American culture. ambiguity Words and the texts they inhabit are susceptible of a variety of interpetations.While a word may denote one thing, usage and context often bring unhomogeneous connotations to bear on the meaning, or meanings, of that word in the poem. As the American poet Randall Jarrell explains in his essay The Obscurity of the Poet (in Poetry and the Age, 1953), what we say of as literature ranges from Dantes Divine Comedy, with its seven levels of meaning, to Readers Digest, which, Glossary of Poetic Terms 3 like pulp fiction and greeting-card verse, barely manages half a level of meaning. Sophisticated readers not only enjoy, but alike demand a certain level of ambiguity, or mystery, in poems.They assure such ambiguity in Shakespeare, who loved puns, double-entendre, and confuse kinds of wordplay they find it also in such archean Moderns as T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, Ezra lo g, and Wallace Stevens, who were influenced by seventeenth-century Metaphysical poets and French Symbolist poets, for both of whom the poem retains something of the quality of a riddle. As a result of declining audiences, a general impulsion towards a democratization of the arts, and the pressure of new kinds of psychological and political sate, the pendulum of taste since mid-century swung towards less ambiguity.While puns and worldplay still add to our sense of the fecundity and depth of poetic expression, contemporary poets admit that a rose may, at times, be intended only as a rose and they tend to avoid the use of smutch and esoteric references. See Robert Graves Poetic Unreason (1925) and William Empsons Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930). anapest A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one / ? ? ? /. See METRE. anaphora The rhetorical device of using the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines to deem the effect of inca ntation.See Ginsbergs Howl and Cohens You Have the Lovers and style. apostrophe A literary device of turning away, usually to address a famous person or idea. In the classical Greek plays of Aeschylus and Euripides, the chorus would march across the stage in one direction chanting various stanzas, or strophes, and then reverse their motion in an anti-strophe, or verbal about-face. In twentiethcentury poetry, the apostrophe is just as likely to be used ironically, or for romanticist or satirical purposes. rchetype When you sense that a literary character, situation, or idea has significance far beyond its specific, or particular, occasion in the poem, you are belike in the presence of an archetype. In an essay called Blakes Treatment of the Archetype (English Institute Essays, 1950), Northrop Frye says By archetype I mean an element in a work of literature, whether a character, an image, a narrative formula, or an idea, which can be assimilated into a larger unifying pattern. Psych ologist C. G.Jung, in an essay called The Problem of Types in Poetry (1923), gives an other dimension to the matter The primordial image or archetype is a figure, whether it be a daemon, man, or process, that repeats itself in the course of history w presentsoever creative fantasy is freely manifested. Essentially, therefore, it is a mythological figure. If we subject these images to a closer examination, we discover them to be the formulated resultants of countless typical experiences of our ancestors. They are, as it were, the mental correspondence of numberless experiences of the same type. 4 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th Sibling rivalry, the betrayed or rejected lover, the innocent abroad, the rebel, the fool, the seasonal cycles of rebirth, fertility, and death, the enchanter or enchantressall are common characters or situations in literature that can deepen our appreciation of a work of art. However, the search for universal symbols can be subtractive in the reading of a poem so, too, can excessive efforts to make a work symbolic or archetypal reduce a poem into a sociology text or an essay on psychology. ssonance Also called vocalic rhyme, assonance is the repetition or recurrence of vowel sounds within a line (or lines), a stanza, or the overall poem. Listen to the long vowels lecture expiration and death in Wilfred Owens Greater Love As theirs whom none straight off hear, / Now earth has stopped their piteous mouths that coughed. Assonance is most obvious among words beginning with an open, or initial, vowel (open / eyes / eat / autumn), but as powerful as an internal rhyming device (tears / mean, thine / divine). allad A popular short narrative folk song, usually transmitted orally, and making use of various forms of shorthand, including truncated action, psychological and historical sketchiness, and a chorus or refrain for heightened impact and easy memorizing. A direct link can be force between such early folk songs as Barbara Ellen and T he Skye Boat Song, country western music, and such contemporary ballads such as Frankie and Johnny, Leonard Cohens Suzanne, and Stan Rogers The Lockkeeper. lank verse Unrhymed iambic pentameter verse has been a staple since it was introduced by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, around 1540 in his translations of Virgils Aeneid. Shakepeare and Christopher Marlowe both used blank verse in their plays in poetry, Milton used it for Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained, Wordsworth for The Prelude, and T. S. Eliot for The Waste Land. Eliot claimed in Poetry in the Eighteenth Century (1930) that the decasyllabic (or ten-syllable) line was intractably poetic yet had many of the capacities of prose.As such, blank verse could be said to be a precursor of the prose poem, which seems more aligned with everyday speech and the counting of syllables than with poetic meter. broken rhyme The dividing of a word between two lines to fulfill the requirements of rhyme Madame had learned to waltz before the raze of falsehood had been laid . . . pulse When poet John Ciardi describes the poem as a countermotion across a silence, he comes close to defining cadence, which refers to the pattern of strain established from line to line that creates in the reader a sense of time slowed downGlossary of Poetic Terms 5 and palpable. While cadence originally referred to regular traditional poetic measures, in which syllables and feet could be counted and identified, the term has come to be used more in relation to insurgent patterning, where stress and accent are much looser and determined primarily by phrasing and syntax. Cadence is what Ezra Pound was referring to when he spoke of composing with the musical phrase kinda of the metronome. Also worth reading is Dennis Lees essay Cadence, Country, Silence, in which he employs the term broadly and with greater cultural import.See also MEASURE, MUSIC, RHYTHM, and SONG. caesura This term is used to refer to any substantial break or pause within t he line, though it is most often found in lines of cardinal or more feet. The caesura was a regular feature in Anglo-Saxon poetry, dividing the two alliterating units within the line, bluntly drawn in Earle Birneys Anglo-Saxon S pointt or more subtly in Wilfred Owens Arms and the Boy Let the boy try along this bayonet blade How cold blade is, and keen with hunger of blood Blue with all malice, like a madmans flash And thinly drawn with famishing for flesh. anto While in the twentieth century the term is often used to mean, simply, a song or a ballad, the canto was originally a subdi view of epic or narrative, which provided both a simpler organizing principle for the creator of the long poem and a muchneeded respite for the singer during delivery. Ezra Pound draws on both meanings of the word when he calls his great epic-length series of meditations The Cantos. dresser When a METAPHOR or other FIGURE OF SPEECH is extended over many lines, it is called a conceit. oncreteness Concre te nouns referring to objects, such as lip, flint, hubcap, gunbarrel, wheel, smoke, sugar, and fingernail, seem fit of making their appeal with the senses. So, too, verbs, such as run, scream, chop, and lick. Concrete words activate the imagination and anchor poetry in the world of particulars. A skilful poet such as Samuel Johnson can use abstract words in such as way as to make them feel concrete, as in the line stern famine guards the solitary coast, where the abstract idea is given the quality of ternness, the action of guarding, and a spatial location. e. e. cummings concretized abstractions in much the same way love is more thicker than forget, / more thinner than recall / more seldom than a wave is wet / more frequent than to run short. concrete poetry This name was first applied in the twentieth century to works that exploit the visual and auditory limits of poetry, ranging from contemporary visual puns back to a seventeenth-century shape-poem whose typography was de- 6 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th ployed to create the image of an altar.Since so much of the power of poetry is derived from soundfrom rhythmical patterns, the residue of recurring vowels and consonantsits hardly surprising to find poets who break words into component syllables and letters, downplaying the intellectual dimension of poetry and emphasizing, instead, the psychic readiness to be found in the acoustic dimension of lyric poem. See the notes on, and poems and poetics by, bpNichol, as well as An Anthology of Concrete Poetry (1967), edited by Emmett Williams, ed. consonance Consonance is the repetition of consonants in words or syllables with differing vowels winter / water / went / waiter.See, for example, Wilfred Owens Strange Meeting, which proceeds with a series of consonantal half rhymes escaped / scooped, groined / groaned, moan / mourn. content The substance or subject matter of a poem, as opposed to its style or manner, is what we usually refer to when we speak of c ontent. But content cannot, properly, be discussed apart from form. A poet may begin to write a poem, broadly speaking, about war, love, or beach-combing however, as soon as his or her theory begins to take shape as poetic language, as form, it is so transformed by the process that it bears little or no relation to the original impulse.Ideas or anecdotes that find their way into a poem are not the poems content, though they are certainly germaine to its overall impact. In fact, everything in the poem contributes to what we might call its content. Poets have reacted strongly to attempts to oversimplify their work or reduce it to a generalization or two. Archibald MacLeish argued that A poem should not mean, but be. just about poets believe that the poem is its own meaning. Robert Creeley insisted that content and form are indivisible, and rejected any descriptive act . . . which leaves the attention outside the poem.Its in all likelihood most useful to stop asking what a poem mea ns and begin to consider, as John Ciardi suggests in his book title, How Does A Poem entail? If you begin to examine the formal and proficient elements in a poem, the ways in which certain effects are achieved, you are more likely to stupefy at a point of understanding and appreciation of the poem far beyond any simple statement about its content. See also DICTION, FORM, PROSODY. suspender The couplettwo lines of verse, usually rhymedis one of the most common and useful verse forms in English and Chinese poetry.The couplets transience encourages a pithy, epigrammatic quality its two-line split provides a fulcrum which lends itself to argumentative summary and generalization, as in Alexander Popes Know then thyself, put on not God to scan / The proper study of mankind is man. Closed couplets such as Popes or Drydens, which use by and large iambic pentameter lines and complete their thought with the final end-rhyme, are also called heroic couplets, a form that dominated the eigh teenth-century English neoclassical period. Glossary of Poetic Terms 7 The couplet has many uses, as a concentrating unit within the poem or as a separate stanza form.Shakespeare used the couplet to solve his sonnets forcefully. See also GHAZAL. dactyl A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables / ? ? ? /. See FOOT and METER. diction Word choice. The French poet Verlaine felt the need to remind us that poems are made of words, not ideas. This is useful to think about, since poems are often spoken and written of as if they were chunks of autobiography, representations of disposition, or little treatises on how to conduct, or not to conduct, our lives. Words are magical. When nature, experience, or ideasany of which may give rise to a poempass through the rucible of language, they are transformed, as surely as white light is split into a spectrum of colour when it passes through a prism. Words, similarly, slow and alter those non-linguisti c elements that endeavour to use or pass through them thats one reason poems, stories, and other verbal texts give us the impression of time slowed down, of felt time. Words and the ideas they verbalize fly earlier quickly through the brain, but when you speak or hear them you become aware of being immersed in another element, like a diver suddenly encountering water.These considerations are central to postmodern poetics, which seeks to remind us that the poem is not a mirror of nature or a window through which we see the natural world, or so-called reality, but rather a verbal reality in its own right. When the word, or language in general, is foregrounded, poetry ceases to be simply a vehicle for conveying pictures of, and passing on information about, quotidian reality it aspires, instead, to the condition of other arts such as music and painting, where representation and referentiality are not the only, or even the primary, concern.In a sense, words are the poets paint, his o r her primary medium. Coleridge once spoke of poetry as the best words in the best order. He was using the word best in the sense of most appropriate in a specific context, not with the idea that certain kinds of words are forbidden or inherently better or worsened than others, though the choice would have its own moral significance. Words are dirty with meaning and can never be washed clean we use them for modal(a) discourse, to sell lawnmowers, to deliver sermons, and to make political speeches.As Joseph Conrad once wrote, using the Archimedean metaphor Give me the right word or phrase and I will move the world. M. H. Abrams reminds us that diction can be described as abstract or concrete, Latinate or Anglo-Saxon, colloquial or formal, technical or common, literal or figurative, to which we might add archaic, plain, elevated railway. See CONCRETENESS and WORD, and also Owen Barfields Poetic Diction (1952) and Winnifred Nowottnys The Language Poets Use (1962). 8 20 -Century Poetr y & Poetics th idactic While classical and neo-classical poetics argue that poetry should both teach and delight, in didactic poems the teaching function tends to override the imaginative. much(prenominal) works, often dismissed as propaganda, recall Yeatss distinction, that his argument with the world produced only rhetoric, whereas his argument with himself resulted in poetry. And yet all great works are overtly or covertly didactic, whether they teach us indirectly and subliminally through the senses (by way of imagery and patterns of sound) or by arguing transparently.And, of course, all art, while it may not be a blatant call to arms, is an effort to persuade us to view the world differently. dimetre A line of verse consisting of two feet. disturbance An effect of harshness or discordance in a poem, often achieved by combining rhythmical irregularity and a jarring concentration of consonants. orthodontic braces A COUPLET. salient monologue Unlike the soliloquy, in which a c haracter on stage reveals his or her inner thoughts by thinking aloud, the dramatic monologue assumes and addresses an audience of one or more people.In the process of addresing this audience, the speaker of the dramatic monologue manages to confess, or simply reveal, a character flaw, a dread deed, or an impending crisis. Robert Browning pioneered the form in poems such as My Last Duchess, Andrea del Sarto, and Fra Lippo Lippi, but it has been used by Tennyson in Ulysses, by Eliot in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and by many contemporary writers. duration The length of acoustic or phonetic phenomena such as syllables. According to linguists, the sounds we produce when we speak have pitch, loudness, quality, and duration.Aside from grammatical and syntactical considerations, the pacing in, or the speed at which we read, a poem is largely determined by the length of time it takes to enunciate syllables, lines, and stanzas. Short vowels speed up the poem long vowels slow it dow n. See also MEASURE, MUSIC, PROSODY, RHYTHM, and SONG. elegy Originally a specifically metered Greek or Roman form, the elegy has come to refer generally to a sustained meditation on mutability or a formal lament on the death of a specific person.The conventional pastoral elegy included a rural setting, with shepherds and flowers (all nature mourning), an invocation to the muse, a procession, and a final consolation. Classics such as Miltons Lycidas, Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, and Shelleys Adonais are clearly the head word source and influence on such contemporary elegies as W. H. Audens In Memory of W. B. Yeats, Michael Ondaatjes Letters & Other Worlds, Seamus Heaneys Requiem for the Croppies, and so many of the poems of Adrienne Rich, Denise Levertov, Lorna Crozier and Michael Longley.In fact, one Glossary of Poetic Terms 9 might safely say that the elegiac tone is dominant in English poetry from Beowulf to the present. enjambment A means of escaping the limitations and rigidity of the end-stopped line or closed couplet, enjambment occurs when a sentence or thought carries over from one line to the next. The enjambed line, with its greater freedom and flexibility, has served to focus a great deal of attention on the position of line-breaks in twentiethcentury poetry. See LINE-BREAKS and also Al Purdys poem The Cariboo Horses. pic While the epic, or heroic, poem such as Homers Iliad and Odsyssey or the AngloSaxon classic Beowulfeach with its elevated style, tribal or national struggles, invocations to the muse, occasional use of the supernatural, and cast of important, or exalted, figuresbelongs to an earlier age, it has not lost its appeal to poets of later ages. From Dantes Divine Comedy, Spensers F? rie Queene, Miltons Paradise Lost, and Drydens and Popes mock epic satires to such contemporary long poems as Pounds The Cantos, W. C.Williamss Paterson, Atwoods The Journals of Susanna Moodie, and Ondaatjes The Collected Works of Bill y the Kid, the long, or extended, poem has provided an alternative to the limited scope, self-directedness and, perhaps, too intense heat of the lyric. See LONG rime and NARRATIVE. epigram A short, witty poem or statement, seldom more than four lines long, whose form dates back to Roman epigrammatist Martial. Alexander Popes poems are full of condensed witticisms that might be displayed as separate epigrams To err is human to forgive, divine. ye-rhyme An eye-rhyme features words or syllables that look alike but are pronounced differently come / home give / contrive. feminine ending While it may no longer be politically correct, this term is still used in criticism to refer to a line that ends with one or more feminine syllables. Far from suggesting weakness or passivity, feminine endings are more flexible and colloquial, and their informality and irregularity have been especially useful in dramatic blank verse. feminine rhyme A two-syllable (or disyllabic) rhyme, usually a stresse d syllable followed by an unstressed syllable witness / fitness. igurative language When language is heightened so that it moves beyond ordinary, or literal, usage, it is said to be figurative.These figures, figures of speech, or tropes (turns), as they are sometimes called, include simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, paradox, and pun. An extended figure of speech is called a CONCEIT. 10 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th figure A group of words that evoke the senses by transcending ordinary usage. Consider, for example, Gloucesters comment in Richard III Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by the sun of York. oot In A Poets Dictionary Handbook of Prosody and Poetic Devices (1989), William Packard provides an interesting account of the origin of the metrical foot When the Greeks described poetry as numbers, they were alluding to certain prominent elements of verse that could be counted off feet were strong dance steps that could be measured out in sepa rate beats of a choral ode or strophe or refrain. These feet could then be scanned for repeating patterns of syllable quantities, either long or short, within strophes and antistrophes of a chorus.Greek metrics, then, did not derive from accent or stress but rather from the elongation required in the pronunciation of certain vowels and syllable lengths. Instead of the quantitative designation of long and short syllables, we now use the terms stressed and unstressed, or accented and unaccented to describe the components of the poetic foot, which is essentially a group of two or more syllables that form a metrical unit in a line of verse. The most common feet are the iambic (/ ? ? /), an unstressed followed by a stressed syllable (delight) the trochaic (/ ? /), a stressed followed by an unstressed syllable (action) the anapestic (/ ? ? ? /), two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one (interrupt) the dactylic (/ ? ? ? /), a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones (co mforting) and the spondaic (/ ? ? /), two stressed syllables (handbook). Other feet include the pyrrhic (/ ? ? /), one or more unstressed syllables the amphibrachic (/ ? ? ? /), one unstressed, one stressed, one unstressed the orgiastic (/ ? ? ? /), one unstressed followed by two stressed and the chorimabic (/ ? ? ? /), a stressed, two unstressed, and a stressed. See METER. form Form in poetry is no less intriguing and no less difficult to define and describe than form in the other arts. We can easily identify obvious elements of form, such as rhyme schemes, metrical patterns, stanza-lengths, and traditional modes like the sonnet and sestina but the intricacies of language, timing, syntax, counterpoint, verbal playthose elements that contribute to the formal beauty and power of a poemrequire some training and considerable attention.However, in an essay called Admiration of Form Reflections on Poetry and the Novel (Brick / 34), poet and critic C. K. Williams offers some useful thoug hts, reminding us that, among other things, form and content are inextricably allied The important thing about form, though, is its artificiality. In English poetry, the historically dominant iambic foot is about related to the actual movement of the voice in our language between stressed and unstressed syllables, but the regularity of the iambic line, and the five beats of the pentameter, for instance, are purely conventional.In irregular, or free, verse, where the Glossary of Poetic Terms 11 cadences are not regular, and not counted, it is what Galway Kinnell has called the rhythmic surge, which defies and controls the movement of language across its grid of artifice the line in free verse becomes a much more defining factor of formal organization than in more arithmetical versetraditions.The crucial thing about form is that its necessities, though they are conventions, precede in importance the expressive or analytical demands of the work. Although a poem may to a greater or les s degree seem to be driven by its content, in fact all the decisions a poet makes about a work finally have to be made in reference to the conventions which have been accepted as defining the formal nature of that work. If a ompelling experience is conveyed in a verse drama, if an interesting philosophical speculation occurs in a lyric poem, if a poem involves itself in an entangled and apparently entirely engrossing narrative adventure, these are secondary, although simultaneous with, the formal commitments of the work, and they must be embodied within the terms of those commitments, although in the end these some playful divisions of an experienitial continuum, whether in the structures of a musical mode, or the pulse and surge of a poetic line, will mysteriously serve to intensify the emotion and the meaning which the work evokes. I should mention, perhaps, that the dour and puritanical and ferociously self-serving new formalism has nothing to do with the notion of form I am el aborating here the new formalism is rather a kind of conceptual primitivism which seems to gather most of its propulsive force from a distorted and jealous vision of the literary marketplace it calls for a return to the good old safe and easily accounted-for systems of verse, with counted meters, rhyme, and so forth.All despite the generation over the last a few(prenominal) centuries, from Smart to Blake through Whitman and countless others, of an enormous amount of significant poetry in non-traditional forms and despite the fact that many verse-systems in the world require incomplete rhyme nor strictly counted meter, and despite the practice of many modern poets, who have been quite content to use whatever verse-form fitted the poem they were composing. One would not require to sacrifice either Rilkes Duino Elegies or Lowells Life Studies, just to mention two poets who worked in both systems. In his essay Rebellion and dodge (in The Rebel, 1956), Albert Camus argues that A work in which the content overflows the form, or in which form drowns the content, only bespeaks an unconvinced and unconvincing unity. . . . Great style is invisible stylization, or rather stylization incarnate. See PROSODY, STRUCTURE, and STYLE, and also Denise Levertovs Notes on Organic Form in the Poetics section. free verse Poetry written with a persistently irregular meter (which is not to say without rhythm) and often in irregular line-lengths.The King James translations of 12 20 -Century Poetry & Poetics th the Psalms and Song of Songs are often held up as models of how dynamic nonmetrical poetry can be. Ezra Pound advised composing with the rhythms of the speaking-voice sounding in your ear, rather than the regular beat of the metronome Robert freezing insisted that writing free verse was like playing tennis without a net and T. S. Eliot claimed that no verse is free for the poet who wants to do a good job.All three were concerned to emphasize that, whether regular or irregul ar, the music of poetry bears close scrutiny, for it accounts for much of our pleasure as readers and, far from being incidental or decorative, is fundamental to our total experience of the poem. See LINES-BREAKS, METER, MUSIC, RHYTHM, PROSODY, and SONG. ghazal A Middle Eastern lyric, most commonly associated with the fourteenth-century Persian poet Hafiz. The ghazal consists of five to twelve closed couplets, often using the same rhyme.These seemingly disconnected couplets about love and wine are held together not by a narrative or rhetorical thread, but by a heightened tone or emotional intensity. Not surprisingly, the apparently random or non-rational structuring of the ghazal has proven attractive to twentieth-century poets as diverse as as John Thompson (Stilt Jack), Phyllis Webb (Water & Light), and Adrienne Rich. hexameter A line of verse consisting of six feet. hyperbole A figure of speech that involves extremes of exaggeration big as a house, dumb as a doornail. ambic penta meter A line consisting of five iambic feet. Iambic pentameter is considered the poetic rhythm most basic to English speech. See FOOT and METER. image Ezra Pound described the image as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. Other poets have spoken of images as concentrations of linguistic energy directed at the senses. The image is a controversial term, which has often been used to mean, simply, a verbal picture however, the poetic image may also conjure things, events, and people in our minds by appealing to senses other than sight.Images are so central to language that, in the line a brown cow leapt over the fence, which constitutes a composite image, we also find four discrete images a cow, a fence, the act of leaping, and brownness. Imagery, along with prosody, is one of the two central ingredients of poetry and its resounding power cannot be divorced from the texture of sounds through which it is delivered. Specific images seem more li kely to stimulate the senses than images that are generic (tree, animal, machine).The difference between a line such as I think that I shall never see / A poem as lovely as a tree and the followingDont hang your bones from the branch / of that gnarled oak, exuding elegies. / The chihuahuas waiting in the Daimlerhas as much to do with diction and specificity of image as with the difference between metrical and non-metrical verse. Glossary of Poetic Terms 13 Imagism A poetic movement in England and the US between 1909 and 1917, which reacted against the discursiveness, sentimentality, and philosophize of late nineteenth-century poetry by trying to focus on the single image.

“Enduring Love”: How appropriate is the title of the novel?

At first glance, countenance Love may seem a simple title for a novel, non one that invokes real thought for the reader. Although we expect a story of roll in the hay, we are presented with a much to a greater extent complicated array of events revolving around one-third people, all with their own edition of Enduring Love. Ultimately the story revolves around the somewhat content relationship between Joe Rose, an accomplished and well-respected science writer and his partner Clarissa Mellon, a Keats disciple and university lecturer that is until the intrusion by Jed Parry.Brought together by a ballooning accident, Joe and Jed momentarily exchange words, but this moment is the catalyst for a fixation by the younger man, Jed Parry, for the protagonist of the story, Joe Rose. Clarissa also witnesses the accident but she, like Joe, misses the moment that spawns the obsession, which rips their lives apart and in due course, breaks apart their relationship. in that location are two types of eff themes running through this novel, one of obsession and one of pure be intimate.The one of obsession is obviously the sexual love Jed feels for Joe and the pure love is that of Clarissa and Joe. As Jed becomes more and more fixated on Joe, Joes relationship with Clarissa increasingly dwindles until the point where they call it a day and end their relationship. Early on in the novel Joe says Lately Id had the idea that Clarissas occupy in these hypothetical letters of Keats had something to do with our own situation, and with her conviction that love that did not find its expression in a letter was not perfect. each word of this comes true but not in a way Joe had first believed.The title and the events throughout the novel rouse questions on love itself, how to describe love, the nature of love, obsession, sanity and insanity. It is very difficult to decipher between love and obsession. If we look at the love Jed feels for Joe, its zealous, crazy and passionate but we could also turn over that the love between Joe and Clarissa is all of these things too. So, where do you draw the line? Enduring Love tells the story of a love that is endured and of a story that endures (Joe and Clarissa).It challenges what is defined as a normal relationship and a love that is pathological. We later find out that indeed Joe and Clarissa relationship did endure the intense strain and disturbing bewitchment of Jed Parry as they are later reunited and go on to adopt a child, so in this sense the title is very appropriate to the novel. There are also a number of other occurrences of love to be endured throughout the novel. There is the story of Jean Logan and her frustration and also obsession at her attempts to uncover her dead husbands secret affair.She turns to Joe for help to find this mystery woman who has caused her so much pain. In this modest sub plot of the novel, it is later proved that John Logan was in fact not having an affair, that is was all a n innocent mistake. So all along Jean had been cursing her dead husband, whom she had loved so much. This is another(prenominal) love that needs to endure as Jean seeks forgiveness but she will never truly get that forgiveness as her only forecast lies in a flagitious. Will their love be strong enough to endure this doubting on Jeans part, even if one partner is beyond the grave?It is important to note that seeing Jeans agony and grief over her dead husband, made Joe realise just how much he really loved Clarissa. Joe says, It was urgent that I return to London and save our love. He also realises when its gone youll know what a gift love was. A relationship that did not endure their love was that of Clarissas brother Luke and his wife. Joe calls Luke the adulterous brother and we learn that they are going through a divorce. After this meeting with her brother, Clarissa is evidently anxious as the first thing she says to Joe I love you and Ive had such a terrible evening with Luke .We discover that Luke is leaving his beautiful wife and two daughters for an actress whom he had met three months before. Clearly Luke is not prepared to give the commitment pure love requires and sees fit to go live in a room over a hairdressers, with this new woman. This relationship provides a stark contrast to Joe and Clarissas love as it highlights just how deeply in love Joe and Clarissa truly are. Now this new love shall be tested, will their love endure? Once again this is relevant to the title of the novel.The most explicable interpretation of the title of this novel would have to be of Joe enduring Jeds pathological love. Jed Parrys strange homo-erotic religious obsession with Joe in turn leads Joe to almost breaking point. So in this sense Joe is enduring Jeds love, yet this love Jed feels for Joe will never end. We learn that from the appendices, Jed, whilst in a secure mental hospital still writes letters to Joe everyday. The letter we are shown demonstrates that Jeds love is just as strong and passionate as ever.I believe that at the conclusion of the novel, Joe has indeed endured Jeds love as he has survived the bombardment of phone calls, eccentric letters, aeonian stalking, an assassination attempt and total intrusion of his private life. The style and techniques implored by Mc Ewan provide us with an engrossing, swift novel, and his unpredictable style further enhances the temperature reduction factor that plays a part in this novel. His style can be deemed as moderately complicated, for example chapter nine when he narrates the chapter from Clarissas perspective, yet I believe his style is somewhat simple.Joe, being the average science writer not overly interesting or riveting, would initially have been a quite sluggish protagonist until the obsession begins, that is Joes obsession. In watching Joe become obsessed with being obsessed, whilst everyone else doubts him, this is where the entertainment lays. His techniques of writing make us truly question love and how much love a person can really endure. Jed is prepared to endure Joes love with his continuity of writing letters and constant thinking and obsessing over Joe. soon enough Joe was not prepared to endure this love and in order to end it, he purchased a gun. Clarissa at first was not prepared to endure the love yet she had to endure both her love for Joe and Jeds love for Joe. But we later find out Joe and Clarissa are reconciled. In conclusion, I believe the title Enduring Love is a very appropriate for this novel, not instantly recognisable as a great title but at the closing stages of the novel, it becomes vividly apparent just how satisfying it truly is.

Differentiation Strategies of Gm

Differentiation strategies ar not some pursuing uniqueness for the sake of being different. Differentiation is about understanding customers and how GM s harvest-feast can meet their needs. To this extent, the quest for speciality receipts takes us to the heart of business dodge. The fundamental issues of specialism argon also the fundamental issues of business strategy Who are GM s customers? How does GM take value for them? And how does GM do it more effectively and efficiently than anyone else?Because differentiation is about uniqueness, establishing differentiation advantage requires creativity it cannot be achieved simply through applying standardized frameworks and techniques. This is not to say that differentiation advantage is not amenable to systematic analysis. As have observed, there are two requirements for creating profitable differentiation. On the provision side, GM must be aware of the resources and capabilities through which it can create uniqueness (and do i t erupt than competitors). On the demand side, the key is insight into customers and their needs and preferences.These two sides form the major components of our analysis of differentiation. In analyzing differentiation opportunities, GM can distinguish tangible and intangible dimensions of differentiation. Tangible differentiation is concerned with the manifest characteristics of a product or run that are relevant to customers preferences and choice processes. These include size, shape, color, weight, design, material, and technology. Tangible differentiation also includes the performance of the product or service in terms of reliability, consistency, taste, speed, durability, and safety.Image differentiation are especially important for those products and services whose qualities and performance are difficult to ascertain at the time of barter for (experience goods). These include cosmetics, medical services, and education. By offering uniqueness in its offerings, GM may need fully target certain market niches. By selecting performance, engineering, and style as the basis on which BMW competes in the elevator car industry, it inevitably appeals to different market segments than does VW.To the extent that differentiation is imitated by early(a) companies, the result can be the creation of new market segments. During the 1990s, General Motors segmented marketing strategy that targeted each brand on a specific price bracket and particular socioeconomic category ran into increasing problems as US customers showed less and less identification with the segments GM had defined for them. Demand analysis identifies customers demands for differentiation and their willingness to pay for it, just creating differentiation advantage also depends on a firms ability to offer differentiation.To grade the firms potential to supply differentiation, we need to examine the activities the firm performs and the resources it has access to. Pros and cons A strategy use by GM to seek competitive advantage through uniqueness (develop goods and services that are clearly different from those made available by the competitors)This strategy requires organizational strengths in marketing, research and development, scientific leadership and creativity . They grant good services to the customer which services are different from other organization .G. M. is a multinational corporation engaged in socially responsible operations, worldwide. It is dedicated to provide products and services of such quality that our customers will receive superior value while our employees and business partners will share in our success and our stock-holders will receive a sustained superior return on their investment These days, GM realize how important it is to have employees trained in good customer service skills working in their contact center if they want to enhance their reputation.For example training staff in problem solving and the ability to multi task in areas such as n avigating complex databases and switching amongst different computers to find information for the caller is now becoming a routine function in a modern contact center. It is whence an advantage for call center employees in todays workplace to have the ability to think speedily on their feet so they can deal quickly with involved information while working under pressure.GM also providing Transportation Services present GM aim at providing top nick transportation services to the customers and satisfy them to maximum extent. GM know that a delay in shipping the freights can cause considerable loss to the clients and the business, therefore on-time delivery is extremely important to us. The network of truck agents which are located at all everyplace the booking points ensure that your consignments reach to its final destination in full secured mode, GM also pander to all your transportation needs by providing you door-to-door Pick Up & Delivery Transportation services.

Morality As Anti-Nature Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche, a prominent Ger human being philosopher in the 19th century is one of the most well-read philosophers of the past two-centuries. His ideas regarding pietism and genius continue to be discussed and debated to this day among scholars of all beliefs.All living things are given desires by nature. These desires exist as per centum of who we are. They define us in a way they can aid us and they can overly do us great harm. The cardinal sin of Pride, for instance, can be a good thing, to give up pride in yourself and your abilities, and be able to brag about them may be what stands between you and some other person applying for the same job. But according to the Bible, it is a sin. So the other person might name the righteous high ground, but you will end up with the job. Which is better? Only you can shape that for yourself.Another way to look at it is this. You have a great passion for reading, but morality says that reading is evil. So you deny yourself the pleasure of a good book, magazine article or plain a street sign in order to follow what someone else has deemed to be a moral code. You are denying your true self, for no other purpose, but to be accepted in society. In your heart, and in your mind, you know that reading is no more evil that breathing, but because society has told you differently, you ignore reality.To Nietzsche, denying your own passions is bid denying reality. If your passions were a tiger, a strong man would catch the tiger and tame it. A weak man would at least run away. But it is only a fool who pretends that the tiger doesnt exist. The great of moralities are those that accomodate nature the weakest of moralities are those that deny it.Even though many people at the duration truly believed that the church provided them a great direction in life, Nietzsche strongly disagreed. Nietzsche believed that following a trust is to ignore the precise nature of humanity. He believed that man is born naturally good , proposing that the churchshould not be followed in order for humans to allow their passions be presented in themselves as they desire. Throughout his writings, Nietzsche aims to inform his readers that we as humans can only reach our potential by following our passions and ignoring the flawed ideals of the church. Under the tenet of the churchs morality, innate passions of its followers must be abolished in order to become priggish Christians. By destroying the inner passions of its followers, the church is doing a great disfavor by using morality to predominate out nature from their lives.When someone begins to follow the ideals of the church, they are introduced with the doctrine of the idea of free will. Basically, this concept claims that blush if God is an all righteous and all powerful being, only his followers have the ultimate tariff for their actions. As human beings, we have a certain weakness to make great mistakes. This is where Nietzsche claimed that there is a c ase of cause and effect. At the time of his writing, Friedrich Nietzsche saw that when events were not proven scientifically, followers of the church were in truth nave to credit an act of God rather than searching for the answers differently.Christianity had become the enemy of life and nature and the church has stifled its followers by turning them into closed minded and weak humans. Nietzsche ultimately believed that organized religion creates a concept of anti-natural morality which damages our development as humans quite severely, eventually cultivation our status and rights as individuals once the church gets involved.Nietzsche believed that the church is at war with the passionate and the intelligent in favor of the poor and spirited. He believed that the ones who began the mental and spiritual decapitations of others are truly the ones who were unable to control their passions and were very ill willed. The people of the church who imposed morality as anti-nature were the on es who were unable to impose moderation in their lives. He believed that an immoralist is an ideal human being, because they are the ones who truly understand the rights and wrongs in life by applying passions and a chosen lifestyle that best coincides with their lives.

Macroeconomics Assignment Essay

Refer to the delineates of the fuse get hold of, bypass-run aggregate supply, and long haul aggregate supply trim toss offs. use the charts to explain the process and steps by which each of the following economic scenarios will qualify the miserliness from whiz long-run macroeconomic equilibrium to another equilibrium. Under each scenario, elaborate the short-run and long-run effects of the slicks in the aggregate penury and aggregate supply curves on the aggregate price direct and aggregate output signal (real gross domestic product). Suppose the household wealth decreases due to a sub array in the acquit market place asset prices (See the set of interprets under and pay attention to the 3-stage throws in graphs). behaveIn graph one the decline in the stock market asset price causes the AD line to shift downward, decreasing. The long-run equilibrium in the first graph is the point where altogether one-third of the lines (LRAS, S1, and D1) are connecting. With a visit GDP, the aggregated rent curve shifts to the left (D1 to D2) creating a crude equilibrium point at a lower price level. In the second graph it shows a higher supply with the join on in the SRAS (S1 to S2) curve. It will create a new long run equilibrium at a lower price level. In the last graph it shows both the shift in the AS curve from AD1 to AD2 due to the decrease and it shows the increase in the SRAS curve from S1 to S2 due to higher supplies.It shows both the old and new equilibrium along the LRAS curve. The first one being higher than the other when the shifts to the curves happened it caused the equilibrium to shift down the LRAS curve because of the lower price level. Therefore, there is a wealth decrease due to a decline in the stock market asset price causes the lines to shift causing the price level to lower and the output to increase. b. Assume the regime lowers taxes, which increases the households disposable income. However, the government purchases (s pending) remains the same. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs)AnswerIn graph one the aggregate demand curve shifts from D1 to D2 as government lowers taxes and household disposable income increases. It shifts outward tothe right because there is an increase because the quantity of output demanded for a granted price level rises. The shift represents an expansion. The long run equilibrium is where the LRAS, AS and AD intersect with one another. The second graph the AS line shifts to the left from S1 to S2 because there is a decrease in aggregate supply caused by the increase in input prices. This creates two different equilibriums the second one is created from the shift in the AS curve. On the third graph it shows all the changes made to the economy through the AD/AS line shifts. The AS line shifts from S1 to S2 and the AD line from D1 to D2. The lower equilibrium shows when all three lines are intersecting. It is the contractionary form _or_ system of government ca using output and the price level to decrease in the short run, only only the price level to decrease in the long run.The higher equilibrium shows agree when all three lines are intersecting. It is the expansionary policy causing output and the price level to increase in the short run, but only the price level to increase in the long run. 2. Suppose the economy of a hypothetical country has reached its long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What charitable of gap, inflationary or recessionary gap, will the economy face after the AD shock indicated by the shift in AD curves? What types of fiscal policy instruments will help move the economy confirm to the potential level of output (real GDP)? Give specific examples. a. At the long-run macroeconomic equilibrium, the stock market boom occurs and this increases the value of stocks households hold. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs in the two-steps)AnswerA positive demand shock increases demand. Shown in graph one is the increase in the demand curve from SRAD1 to SRAD2 because of the positive demand shock. What an increase in demand does is cause more goods to be consumed at a higher price. This is why the shift occurs to the right of the demand curve because there is more of a demand for the goods being produced. An inflationary gap is when there is a gap between the level of real GDP and the potential output basically when the real GDP is greater than the potential. In the graphs because of the demand shock it shows an inflationary gap with the AS and AD curve intersecting on the right side of LRAS curve.In the second graph it shows that the government intervened inorder to bring the aggregate demand curve confirm down to its original place. through with(predicate) the fiscal policy the government increased taxes to suck money out of the economy. The negative side is that it notify create a sluggish economy and high unemployment levels. H owever, the government still has to use the fiscal policy in order to fine tuning the spending and taxation levels. b. The government increases its purchases (spending) due to natural disasters. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs)AnswerTo refresh a positive demand shock increases demand. The positive demand shock is occurring in the graphs due to the increase in spending because of the natural disaster. In graph one the SRAD shifts from SRAD1 to SRAD2, which is a sign of the positive demand shock. It centre that more consumer goods are being consumed than produced. It causes the curve to shift to the right because of the increase in demand. This causes the government to take action in order to bring it covering down to normal, stabilize it. The intervention is shown in graph two where the government stepped in and it brought the SRAD curve back down to its normal position SRAD3. An inflationary gap is in these graphs because of the shifts to the SRAD curve.An inflat ionary gap is when there is a gap between the level of real GDP and the potential output basically when the real GDP is greater than the potential. The inflationary gap is where the AS and AD curve intersect on the right side of the LRAS. unremarkably during an inflationary gap the government increases taxes in order to suck money out of the economy. This could likewise be done through the fiscal policy that dictates government-spending decreasing, which would also cause a decrease in the money circulation. The goal of the fiscal policy is to even out the business cycle. Assume the Central cashbox reduces the money supply in the economy, which leads to an increase in the interest rates. (See the set of graphs below and shifts in graphs)AnswerA negative demand shock decreases demand. A negative demand shock usually encounters slight quantity of goods being consumed, and the consumers still within the market pay a lower price for the good. Usually during these timesthe economy wan ts to ignite the fire through decreasing taxation-giving people more money to spend. In graph one we see the negative demand shock happening when the SRAD1 shifts to the SRAD2. This change causes a recessionary gap where the SRAD2 and the S1 intersect. A recessionary gap usually indicates that the economy is about to fall into a recession, which is delimit by the lower real GDP (level of income) then the full-employment level.This puts downward pressure on pricing in the long run. Consumer spending is down and businesses are not making considerable profits. During a recession means they need to pump money into the economy through the government creating jobs and wages. This happens with the government intervention in graph two where the SRAD2 goes back to the SRAD3.ReferenceInvestopedia. (2014). Fiscal Policy. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/articles/04/051904.asp Investopedia. (2014). Demand Shock. Retrieved from http//www.investopedia.com/terms/d/demandshock.asp Libby R ittenberg and Timothy Tregarthen. (2014).

Ethical Considerations For Testing Essay

There have been many debates end-to-end the years regarding ethics and when, where and how they are to be used. Many people are unsure of how ethical beliefs should be combined with the proper modalitys of instructing and campaigning. Is it ethical to give someone a test if they are non prepared for that test? In the real world, if an individual is not prepared for a certain line of contrast meeting, they can simply reschedule. This is the controversy that comes to mind when ethics and testing are combined.Many people confide that there is no ethical considerations given for testing. It is thought by some that students are forced to income tax return a specific test that they are, in fact not ready for, which would prove to be really unethical. However, each curriculum and test is based on things that each student should have already been do aware of during the duration of classes. Therefore, they are, in fact, ready to complete the test. Ethics is overall, a major branch of philosophy, which encompasses and deals with respectable living and the right conduct.Where there are many different forms of ethics such as business ethics, being thical basically means making the correct and proper decisions. The proper decision concerning testing procedures and the way they are distributed is quite simple. First, the student is taught the material that is to be on the test. Next, the student is to study this material so it is memorized to an extent in their head, given an appropriate amount of time, which usually entails about a week or so.Finally, once all of the criteria has been fully absorbed, and the teacher feels that the content hat is being taught has been sufficiently learned, a test will be given. This test is simply to ensure that the content that was discussed in classed has been effectively learned by the students. It is to my belief that it is not considered unethical for a test to be given simply because a student complains that they were not p repared enough. The teacher has already gone through the necessary preparations for the test, and the rest of the studying is odd up to the student to ensure that they are prepared.It is, in fact, true that in the real world if a someone working has been scheduled a specific or certain meeting, that they can simply reschedule that meaning if they do not feel they are appropriately prepared enough. Ethically, the proper decision for this person would be to reschedule their business appointment. However, it is not ethical for a student to attempt to reschedule a test unless they have substantial reason for doing so. Examples of such reasoning would be having missed a a few(prenominal) days of school due to a sickness.

Contain communism Essay

Communism had al appearances posed a threat to the interest of the U.S. and their attitudes to fightds the U.S.S.R. had proved they had non entertained the idea of fabianism much. merely it was not until February 1946 did it all come out and the U.S.A began to act towards applying communism. The constitution of containment meant the U.S. actively prevented the psreading of communism.There were several ways with which the U.S. tried to contain communism some of which were futile and others effective. However, for every bear the U.S. made the U.S.S.R. had a retaliation.One way with which the U.S. tried to contain communism was with the use of the nuclear bomb. The dropping of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima was a method that was used to bring the war in the midst of the Japanese to a quick end with few loss of American lives. Described by Truman as the superior thing in history the bomb had a very devastating effect taking up to 70 000 lives. After that another bomb was dropped in Nagasaki, this was startleicularly to impress Stalin and scare him if possible. However this was to clap up in Trumans face. Stalin feeling that it was an insult that he was never informed of such a weapon by his allies was not impressed and similarly became more suspicious of the U.S. And the fact that he was likewise denied the islands in the far east since he had nothing to do with the defeating of Japan also smashed him more.Trumans attempts did not work instead Stalin sought a production of his very own atomic bomb, and alhough it was initially predicted the Soviet Union would get the bomb within 10 years, mysteriously the bomb was in the hands of the Soviets a lot sooner than that, they had it within 4 years. So Truman had nothing a seest Stalin now. This was one of the unrealised meat of containing communism because it rather increased the already existing tensions between both countries during the cold war. And because it was a suspicious thing that the U.S.S.R. go t the bomb so soon and the U.S. neglected to mention the weapon to the U.S.S.R. suspicion between both countries increased and the gulf between the countries expanded further.Another way in which the U.S. tried to contain communism was by dint of propaganda. The methods through which communism was extending its influence throughout eastern Europe was blatantly unprofessional. The method was giventhe name salami tactics where by countries in eastern Europe fell one by one into the influence of communism. For example, Czechoslovakia was the last democratic country in eastern Europe until 1948. The elections were coming up in may scarcely because the communistic were blamed for the country not receiving the Marshall aid the communist party was expected to do badly. However, before the election there was a coup detat where the patrol force took over and removed every non-communist personnel from darkice. In February, representatives of opposing parties were removed and Jan Masaryk the foreign see who opposed communism personally mysteriously fell out of the window during the coup.The Czech communists took over with infinitesimal blood shed and with no help from the Soviet Union. These was how the communist parties took over in other countries, by dissolving opposing parties and killing their leaders. This was the method that was used in east European countries such as Poland in 1947,Bulgaria also in 1947, in Romania and Albania, 8 countries in total were taken over victimisation the salami tactics.and the only response the U.S. could give to this was verbal abuse. They simply, verbally condemned the acts which were committed and were hoping that the U.S.S.R would perhaps feel inculpative and digress but unfortunately that did not work at all. This method of containment was perhaps the weakest of all mehods because the U.S.A. in no way showed any opposition to the methods used. This could be assumed as slacking in the part of the U.S. to containing commun ism.The most successful was the combination of policies, that is, Marshall plan and the weigh fist policy. The iron fist was a result of the long telegram of February 1946 by George Kennan,deputy chief of mission in the U.S. embassy in Moscow. The telegram though it was lenghty simply said the Soviet Union was neurotic. He saw them as aggressive and precarious and concluded that there should be no compromise with the Soviet Union. Another factor that added to the development of the iron fist approach was that the U.S. were not prepared to make the same mistake that was made by the British. The Britains had a policy of appeasement with Nazi-Germany. They had negotiations with Hitler and gave him whatever he requested for as long as it was seen as conceivable but the appeasement only encouraged Hitler to ask for more and soon there was an outbreak of war in 1939.Truman and otherpoliticians agreed that they did not want the same thing to happen with the U.S.S.R. so because the iron fist approach was justified where by Truman refused totally to negotiate with the U.S.S.R. The Marshall plan also was another technique used. George Marshall was the new U.S. secretary of state and he had travelled through occidental Europe and was disheartened by the devastation he saw and was shocked by the economic crisis of the region. When he came back, he suggested that america invest in the sparing of Europe, he argued that as America was a selling economy Europe would have been a good consumer base but if there was no way for Europe to be able to afford their goods then no profit would be made and the economy of the U.S. would suffer. Therefore investment in the European economy was the solution. Though he asked for 17 million dollars, he was granted 13 million and so this currency was distributed through out horse opera Europe.Ofcourse the U.S.S.R. reacted negatively to this and also formed the comecon which organised economic assisstance to the countries of eastern E urope. solely unfortunately this was no match for the Marshall plan. Added to this, in Germany, the Yalta and Potsdam agreements had stipulated that Germany be divided into two buffer governs. The western zone was to be under the supervision of the western powers while the eastern zone was under the U.S.S.R. However, in the eastern region, the U.S.S.R. continued taking reparations from Germany because of the damages of humankind war 2 where as, The U.S. kept putting money into the western zone. Soon it became obvious that the western zone was flourishing compared to the eastern zone. This caused the Berlin blockade of 1948-49.The U.S.S.R.s attempt to divide the eastern zone from the western zone. But this was where the Marshall plan and the iron fist came into play. Truman through the approach of the iron fist refused to give into these manouvres of the U.S.S.R. And with the money from the Marshall plan, the west were able to supply aid to Berliners, they flew food and supplies to them through the Berlin airlift and they were able to allow to over 2 million Berliners. The result of this was that Stalin had to give in and brought down the Berlin blockade by May 1949. A successful combination of the iron fist approach and Marshall plan, the west were able to gain an initiative giving the situation that happened in czechoslovakia and other east European countries.Another successful means of containing communism was the Truman doctrine.In February 1947, the British warned the U.S. that they could not keep their troops in Greece any longer which they had been in since 1944. But after the second world war, the British government began to feel the effect in their economy as they owed 3000 million pounds. This scared Truman because he believed communism was taking over and so by March 1947 he issued the Truman doctrine that specified that any country that had a democratically elected government and was fighting off communism would be given militarial support. And s o with this, support from America was given to Greece and the communists were defeated. Stalin, however saw this as U.S. imperalism although he had no retaliation for this because in the first place, he had kept an agreement with Churchill that Greece was an area of British influence. None the less, the U.S. were still able to fight off communism in Greece.These were some of the ways the U.S. had contained communism or tried to.Through militarial means, that is the Truman doctrine and financial mean such as the Marshall plan. And also through propaganda, when they tried belittle the communists because of their use of salami tactics. They also tried the use of terror which was the A-bomb but that proved unsuccessful. Like some of the techniques used and on the other hand, others were quite successful indeed.